Strength training increases insulin-mediated glucose uptake, GLUT4 content, and insulin signaling in skeletal muscle in patients with type 2 diabetes
Open accessAbstract
Strength training represents an alternative to endurance training for patients with type 2 diabetes. Little is known about the effect on insulin action and key proteins in skeletal muscle, and the necessary volume of strength training is unknown. A total of 10 type 2 diabetic subjects and 7 healthy men (control subjects) strength-trained one leg three times per week for 6 weeks while the other leg remained untrained. Each session lasted no more than 30 min. After strength training, muscle biopsies were obtained, and an isoglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp combined with arterio-femoral venous catheterization of both legs was carried out. In general, qualitatively similar responses were obtained in both groups. During the clamp, leg blood flow was higher (P < 0.05) in trained versus untrained legs, but despite this, arterio-venous extraction glucose did not decrease in trained legs. Thus, leg glucose clearance was increased in trained legs (P < 0.05) and more than explained by increases in muscle mass. Strength training increased protein content of GLUT4, insulin receptor, protein kinase B-α/β, glycogen synthase (GS), and GS total activity. In conclusion, we found that strength training for 30 min three times per week increases insulin action in skeletal muscle in both groups. The adaptation is attributable to local contraction-mediated mechanisms involving key proteins in the insulin signaling cascade.
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Training can enhance the responsiveness of skeletal muscles to insulin with increased expression and/or activity of proteins involved in glucose metabolism and insulin signaling.
“Training can enhance the responsiveness of skeletal muscles to insulin with increased expression and/or activity of proteins involved in glucose metabolism and insulin signaling ( 39 , 110 , 204 , 270 ).”
From Exercise and Type 2 Diabetes (2010) · cites this paper as [110]
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Self-citationPhysical training may enhance β-cell function in type 2 diabetes
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“Strength training increases muscle mass and enhances insulin signaling (Braith and Stewart 2006; Holten et al. 2004 ).”
BackgroundMetabolic Syndrome and Insulin Resistance: Underlying Causes and Modification by Exercise Training
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“It is possible that the beneficial effect of exercise following a prerequisite weight loss may be related to improvement in peripheral insulin sensitivity, as exercise training has been shown to enhance responsiveness of muscles to insulin with increased activity of proteins involved in insulin signaling (45;46).”
BackgroundInsulin Resistance and Mitochondrial Dysfunction
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“[24] investigated the mechanisms behind improvements in insulin sensitivity in subjects with T2D by employing a RT intervention (weeks 1+2 50% 1RM, weeks 3-6 70-80% 1RM – 3 sessions per week) in one leg only.”
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Exercise Induces Tissue-Specific Adaptations to Enhance Cardiometabolic Health
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“…in both cross-sectional studies (Balkau et al., 2008) as well as intervention studies with acute exercise (Richter et al., 1989; Wojtaszewski et al., 2002c) and chronically increased physical activity levels (Vind et al., 2011; Dela et al., 1992; Holten et al., 2004; Soman et al., 1979).”
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Glucocorticoid Metabolism in Obesity and Following Weight Loss
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Exercise and Glycemic Control in Diabetes: Benefits, Challenges, and Adjustments to Pharmacotherapy
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Resistance training, visceral obesity and inflammatory response: a review of the evidence
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Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Youth: The Complete Picture to Date
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Resistance exercise training lowers HbA1c more than aerobic training in adults with type 2 diabetes
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“Resistance training has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity in both healthy individuals and type 2 diabetics (Holten et al. 2004).”
BackgroundResistance Training in the Treatment of Diabetes and Obesity: MECHANISMS AND OUTCOMES
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“Importantly, this study was not powered to detect changes in MetS, although the lack of improvement is surprising considering that resistance training has been shown to enhance insulin sensitivity in type II diabetics [50], while resistance plus aerobic training has been shown to reduce MetS criteria in dyslipidemic […”
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“2001), whereas others have not (Zierath et al. 1996; van Loon et al. 2004; Holten et al. 2004; He et al. 2001).”
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“In addition to prolonged endurance training, resistance exercise interventions have also been reported to improve glucose tolerance and/or whole-body insulin sensitivity (Craig et al. 1989; Dunstan et al. 2002; Fenicchia et al. 2004; Holten et al. 2004; Ishii et al. 1998; Miller et al. 1984).”
BackgroundResistance training, insulin sensitivity and muscle function in the elderly
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- Authors
- Holten, M. K., Zacho, M., Gaster, M., Juel, C., Wojtaszewski, J. F. P., & Dela, F.
- Affiliations
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Rigshospitalet (DK)
- Odense University Hospital (DK)
- Venue
- Diabetes
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2004-02-01
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 294-305
- ISSN
- 0012-1797 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-327X
- OpenAlex
- W2153401503
- Cited by
- 615
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 39
- FWCI
- 7.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Diabetes (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Sundhed og Sygdom, Det Frie Forskningsråd
- University of Cambridge
- National Research Foundation
- Danmarks Grundforskningsfond (504–14)
- Diabetesforeningen
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- resistance training, type 2 diabetes, insulin action, skeletal muscle, GLUT4, insulin signaling, glycogen synthase, Akt, insulin receptor, glucose uptake, glucose clearance, muscle blood flow, training volume
- MeSH terms
- Biological Transport, Capillaries, Denmark, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Glucose, Glycogen, Humans, Insulin, Leg, Male, Monosaccharide Transport Proteins, Muscle Proteins, Physical Fitness, Reference Values, Tensile Strength, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal, Muscle Fibers, Skeletal, White People, Glucose Transporter Type 4
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