Progressive resistance strength training for improving physical function in older adults

Liu, Chiung-ju; Latham, Nancy K

doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002759.pub2

Cited by 1,258Nutrition and Health in AgingBalance, Gait, and Falls PreventionFrailty in Older Adults

Progressive resistance strength training for improving physical function in older adults

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Liu, Chiung-ju, Latham, Nancy K·2009·Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

DOI 10.1002/14651858.cd002759.pub2PMC PMC4324332

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Muscle weakness in old age is associated with physical function decline. Progressive resistance strength training (PRT) exercises are designed to increase strength. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of PRT on older people and identify adverse events. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group Specialized Register (to March 2007), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library 2007, Issue 2), MEDLINE (1966 to May 01, 2008), EMBASE (1980 to February 06 2007), CINAHL (1982 to July 01 2007) and two other electronic databases. We also searched reference lists of articles, reviewed conference abstracts and contacted authors. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials reporting physical outcomes of PRT for older people were included. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently selected trials, assessed trial quality and extracted data. Data were pooled where appropriate. MAIN RESULTS: One hundred and twenty one trials with 6700 participants were included. In most trials, PRT was performed two to three times per week and at a high intensity. PRT resulted in a small but significant improvement in physical ability (33 trials, 2172 participants; SMD 0.14, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.22). Functional limitation measures also showed improvements: e.g. there was a modest improvement in gait speed (24 trials, 1179 participants, MD 0.08 m/s, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.12); and a moderate to large effect for getting out of a chair (11 trials, 384 participants, SMD -0.94, 95% CI -1.49 to -0.38). PRT had a large positive effect on muscle strength (73 trials, 3059 participants, SMD 0.84, 95% CI 0.67 to 1.00). Participants with osteoarthritis reported a reduction in pain following PRT(6 trials, 503 participants, SMD -0.30, 95% CI -0.48 to -0.13). There was no evidence from 10 other trials (587 participants) that PRT had an effect on bodily pain. Adverse events were poorly recorded but adverse events related to musculoskeletal complaints, such as joint pain and muscle soreness, were reported in many of the studies that prospectively defined and monitored these events. Serious adverse events were rare, and no serious events were reported to be directly related to the exercise programme. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: This review provides evidence that PRT is an effective intervention for improving physical functioning in older people, including improving strength and the performance of some simple and complex activities. However, some caution is needed with transferring these exercises for use with clinical populations because adverse events are not adequately reported.

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Age-related muscle loss can be counteracted by exercise training and by increased intake of protein or amino acids.
“Evidence shows that age-related muscle loss can be counteracted by exercise training 128 and by increased intake of protein or amino acids.5,120”
From Evidence-Based Recommendations for Optimal Dietary Protein Intake in Older People: A Position Paper From the PROT-AGE Study Group (2013) · cites this paper as [128]
The citation is attached to the exercise-training part of the sentence, not the protein or amino-acid part. The Background (pages not available in our copy) describes age-related loss of muscle strength and says older adults can substantially improve strength through training. The Results report improved lower-limb strength, but these passages do not establish that exercise counteracts age-related loss of muscle mass. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Multiple studies support the utility of both TRT and HVPT for improving functional performance in older adults.
“While multiple studies support the utility of both TRT and HVPT for improving functional performance in older adults, 29,34 -40 the relative effect of each training modality on functional performance is likely to be task speci fi c. 41”
From High-velocity power training has similar effects to traditional resistance training for functional performance in older adults: a systematic review (2023) · cites this paper as [34]
The Results (Effects of interventions; page unavailable) report that progressive resistance training produced a small but significant improvement in physical function in older adults. The review also includes speed-emphasizing power training, but its reported results for that training concern muscle strength, not an improvement in functional performance. Thus the TRT portion is supported, while the HVPT portion is not established by this source. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Participation in resistance exercise training is the only therapy known to consistently improve muscle mass, strength, power, and quality and overall physical function in older adults.
“Currently, participation in resistance exercise training is the only therapy known to consistently improve muscle mass, strength, power, and quality and overall physical function in older adults (9,10).”
From Effects of resistance training with and without caloric restriction on physical function and mobility in overweight and obese older adults: a randomized controlled trial (2015) · cites this paper as [10]
The Results (Effects of interventions; page unavailable) report improved muscle strength and a small reduction in disability with progressive resistance training. They do not establish improvements in muscle mass, power, or muscle quality, or that resistance training is the only effective therapy. The review also found no significant improvement on pooled SF-36/SF-12 physical-function scores, so the claim of consistent improvement in overall physical function overstates its findings. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
A Cochrane review identified 33 trials showing progressive resistance exercises significantly improved physical abilities (SMD 0.14, 95% CI 0.05-0.22) in 2,172 participants.
“identified 33 trials that significantly improved physical abilities (standardized mean difference 0.14, 95% CI 0.05–0.22) in 2,172 participants”
From Sarcopenic obesity in older adults: aetiology, epidemiology and treatment strategies (2018) · cites this paper as [281]
A Cochrane review identified 73 trials showing progressive resistance exercises improved muscle strength (SMD 0.84, 95% CI 0.67-1.00) in 3,059 participants.
“improvements in muscle strength (standardized mean difference 0.84, 95% CI 0.67–1.00) in 73 trials281 (3,059 participants)”
From Sarcopenic obesity in older adults: aetiology, epidemiology and treatment strategies (2018) · cites this paper as [281]

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Comprehensive Local Muscle Training Increases Aerobic Working Capacity and Quality of Life and Decreases Neurohormonal Activation in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure
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Homocysteine and Lipoprotein Levels Following Resistance Training in Older Adults
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Research works printed but not linked: 16

Collier CD Isotonic resistance training related functional fitness, physical self-efficacy and depression in adults ages 65-85 (thesis) Stillwater (OK) Oklahoma State University 1997
Jones CJ Rikli RE Benedict J Williamson P Effects of a resistance training program on leg strength and muscular endurance in older women Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports 1995 5 6 329 41
Latham NK Stretton CS Ronald M Progressive resistance strength training in hospitalised older people: a preliminary investigation New Zealand Journal of Physiotherapy 2001 29 2 41 8
Liu-Ambrose TYL Studies of fall risk and bone morphology in older women with low bone mass dissertation British Columbia (Canada) The University of British Columbia 2004
Newnham J The effects of a strengthening program on muscle function and mobility skills in an elderly instituionalised population [thesis] Montreal (Quebec) McGill University 1995
Schlicht J Camaione DN Owen SV Effect of intense strength training on standing balance, walking speed and sit-to-stand performance in older adults Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2001 56 5 M281 6 11320107
Tsutsumi T The effects of strength training on mood, self-efficacy, cardiovascular reactivity and quality of life in older adults [thesis] Boston (MA) Boston University 1997
Alexander JL Effect of strength training on functional fitness in older chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients dissertation Arizona State University 2003
Ardman O The effects of strength training on strength, mobility and balance in two groups of institutionalized elderly subjects dissertation Montreal (Quebec) McGill University 1998
Brandon LJ Gaasch DA Boyette LW Lloyd AM Effects of long-term resistive training on mobility and strength in older adults with diabetes Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2003 58 8 740 5 12902533
Carvalho J Oliveira J Magalhaes J Ascensao A Cabri J Soares JMC The influence of initial strength levels on isokinetic torque after training in elderly adults European College of Sport Science, Proceedings of the 7th annual congress of the European College of Sport Science 2002 July 24-28 Athens Greece Pashalidis Medical Publisher 2002 513
Richards D Efficacy of upper extremity strength training on upper extremity functional performance among elderly long-term care residents [thesis] Pittsburgh (PA) Univ. of Pittsburgh 1996
Sanders S The effects of two modes of strength training on elderly men [thesis] Minneapolis (MN) Walden University 1998
Sayers SP Bean J Cuoco A LeBrasseur NK Jette A Fielding RA Changes in function and disability after resistance training: does velocity matter? A pilot study American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2003 82 8 605 13 12872017
Vale RGS Damasceno V Cordeiro LS Baptista MR Pernambuco CS Motta T Effects of supine resistance strength training in independent elderly women Efeitos de um treinamento resistido de forca no supino reto em idosas independentes [Abstract] Fitness & Performance Journal 2003 2 4 255 1519–9088
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Authors: Liu, C.-J., & Latham, N. K.
Affiliations: Indiana University Indianapolis (US)
Boston University (US)
ORCID: Liu, Chiung-ju
Latham, Nancy K
Venue: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2009-07-08
Issue: 3
Pages: CD002759-CD002759
ISSN: 1361-6137 (ISSN-L)
1465-1858
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd002759.pub2
PMC: PMC4324332
OpenAlex: W1548328331
Cited by: 1,258
References: 386
Citations by year: 2026: 48 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 73 · 2023: 103 · 2022: 66 · 2021: 67 · 2020: 93 · 2019: 90 · 2018: 92 · 2017: 85 · 2016: 82 · 2015: 95 · 2014: 63 · 2013: 68 · 2012: 66
FWCI: 5.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
IUScholarWorks (Indiana University) (submittedVersion)
PMC
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5p30ag031679-15)
National Institute on Aging (P30-AG031679)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
Keywords: older adults, physical function, muscle strength, walking speed, functional limitations, osteoarthritis pain, adverse events, exercise intervention, sarcopenia, body composition, body mass index, body fat percentage, blood pressure, heart rate, blood glucose, serum lipids, coagulation, coagulation factors
MeSH terms: Activities of Daily Living, Aged, Humans, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Muscle Weakness, Recovery of Function, Resistance Training

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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Progressive resistance strength training for improving physical function in older adults

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks