Effects of Two Types of Activity on the Performance of Second-, Third-, and Fourth-Grade Students on a Test of Concentration
Abstract
The appropriateness of recess in the elementary program continues to be questioned although generally it is believed to be useful by elementary principals despite a dearth of supportive data. This study was a developmental study of the effects of physical activity on concentration. Comparison of passive and directed physical education activities on the concentration of second-, third-, and fourth-grade children was made. The Woodcock-Johnson Test of Concentration showed better performance by the fourth graders and within Grade 4 in favor of the physical activity group. A structured physical activity or a classroom activity immediately prior to a concentration task was not detrimental to children in Grades 2 and 3. Fourth-grade children performed significantly better on a test of concentration after engaging in a physical activity.
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Moderators and mediators such as socioeconomic status, parental education, concentration, gender, personality, motivation, body-image, and self-esteem have an impact on AP.
“The influence of moderators and mediators to PA, such as socioeconomic status, parental education (83), concentration (84) gender (85), personality (86), motivation, body-image, self-esteem (87), have also been shown to have an impact on AP.”
From Children's Physical Activity, Academic Performance, and Cognitive Functioning: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [84]
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The effects of acute exercise on cognitive performance: a meta-analysis
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“Other School-Based Physical Activity: Four school-based studies examined the effects of PA on concentration/attention, with one study that used a within-subjects design and three that used a between-subjects design (21, 22, 151).”
InfluentialThe relationship between physical activity and cognition in children: a meta-analysis
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“Another important difference among these studies is that Budde et al. (2008), Pesce et al. (2009), and Caterino and Polak (1999) conducted applied studies, in which children were tested in groups in a school setting.”
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“Nevertheless, some studies have utilised large-scale, controlled experimental designs (Raviv and Low 1990; Shephard 1996; Caterino and Polak 1999; Sallis et al. 1999), and these might act as examples of workable approaches for future research.”
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“Caterino and Polak (1999) observed that 4th-grade children's speeded stimulus identification and matching performance improved significantly following 15 min of vigorous aerobic exercise compared to 15 min of stretching exercise.”
A primer on investigating the after effects of acute bouts of physical activity on cognition
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“…children performed better on the Woodcock–Johnson Test, which assesses cognition, scholastic achievement, and general cognitive ability, after only 15 min of aerobic walking and stretching when compared to a control group consisting of non-aerobic classroom activity (Caterino and Polak, 1999).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCould Exposure to Everyday Green Spaces Help Treat ADHD? Evidence from Children's Play Settings
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Integration of Short Bouts of Physical Activity Into Organizational Routine
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The effect of acute physical exercise on cognitive function during development
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BackgroundResultInfluentialCognitive and Behavioral Responses to Acute Exercise in Youths: A Review
Tomporowski, P. (2003) · Pediatric Exercise Science · doi:10.1123/pes.15.4.348 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Chen, A.-G., Yan, J., Yin, H.-C., Pan, C.-Y., & Chang, Y.-K. (2014) · Psychology of Sport and Exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.06.004 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Relationships of Physical Activity to Brain Health and the Academic Performance of Schoolchildren
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“there is the possibility of superior cognitive functioning, including better concentration in class, in children and adolescents with higher PA levels.(81,82)”
BackgroundPhysical literacy and Comprehensive School Physical Activity Programs
Castelli, D. M., Centeio, E. E., Beighle, A. E., Carson, R. L., & Nicksic, H. M. (2014) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.06.007 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Executive functions in learning processes: Do they benefit from physical activity?
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“The influence of moderators and mediators to PA, such as socioeconomic status, parental education (83), concentration (84) gender (85), personality (86), motivation, body-image, self-esteem (87), have also been shown to have an impact on AP.”
BackgroundImplementation of a school-based state policy to increase physical activity*.
Evenson, K., Ballard, K., Lee, G., & Ammerman, A. (2009) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2009.00403.x · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“Research regarding the effects of physical activity during the school day on mental performance support the benefits of increased focus and alertness for the students.(13,23,24) In addition, other studies have shown that time spent during the school day on physical education does not detract from academic performance…”
Promoting Children’s Health Through Physically Active Math Classes: A Pilot Study
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“…academic time is challenged by research that suggests physical activity may generate improved academic achievement, both directly and indirectly (Caterino & Polak, 1999; Coe, Pivarnik, Womack, Reeves, & Malina, 2006; Mahar et al., 2006; Pellegrini, Huberty, & Jones, 1995; Sallis et al., 1999).”
BackgroundTask Switching in Overweight Children: Effects of Acute Exercise and Age
Tomporowski, P. D., Davis, C. L., Lambourne, K., Gregoski, M. J., & Tkacz, J. P. (2008) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.30.5.497 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“…results of three field-based studies indicated that bouts of physical activity improved, rather than debilitated, children’s cognitive performance (Caterino & Polak, 1999; Gabbard & Barton, 1979; McNaughten & Gabbard, 1993), and another study (Raviv & Low, 1990) found no evidence to support…”
BackgroundVII. The history of physical activity and academic performance research: informing the future
Castelli, D. M., Centeio, E. E., Hwang, J., Barcelona, J. M., Glowacki, E. M., Calvert, H. G., & Nicksic, H. M. (2014) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/mono.12133 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Acute Exercise Enhances Preschoolers’ Ability to Sustain Attention
Palmer, K. K., Miller, M. W., & Robinson, L. E. (2013) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.35.4.433 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Physical Activity and the Achievement Gap Among Urban Minority Youth
Basch, C. E. (2011) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2011.00637.x · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Gunnell, K. E., Poitras, V. J., LeBlanc, A. G., Schibli, K., Barbeau, K., Hedayati, N., Pontifex, M. B., Goldfield, G. S., Dunlap, C., Lehan, E., et al. (2018) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2018.11.002 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Exercising attention within the classroom
HILL, L., WILLIAMS, J. H. G., AUCOTT, L., MILNE, J., THOMSON, J., GREIG, J., MUNRO, V., & MON‐WILLIAMS, M. (2010) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2010.03661.x · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“further studies, but again these findings may be better explained by practice effects(19) or uncontrolled between-group variance.(17,18) We sought to address the lack of research in this area by conducting a pilot study of the effects of physical exercise on psychometric tests, which would bear ecological validity in…”
BackgroundJanssen, M., Toussaint, H. M., van Mechelen, W., & Verhagen, E. A. (2014) · SpringerPlus · doi:10.1186/2193-1801-3-410 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“…processing speed, ability to concentrate) Higher scores at the end of lesson, no significant difference between classes (p = 0.47)11–12 yrs 2 Caterino & Polak, 1999 USA n = 177; n boys and girls unknown; Experiment; school-setting None Stretching and aerobic walking vs classroom task; 15…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAcute aerobic exercise impacts selective attention: an exceptional boost in lower-income children
Tine, M. T., & Butler, A. G. (2012) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2012.723612 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“To our knowledge, only two other studies investigate benefits following less than 20min of aerobic exercise (see Budde, Voelcker-Rehage, PietrabykKendziorra, Ribeiro, & Tidow, 2008; Caterino & Polak, 1999).”
BackgroundMethodHow does exercise benefit performance on cognitive tests in primary-school pupils?
Hill, L. J. B., Williams, J. H. G., Aucott, L. S., THOMSON, J., & Mon-Williams, M. A. (2011) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2011.03954.x · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Evaluation of a policy to integrate physical activity into the school day
Holt, E., Bartee, T., & Heelan, K. (2013) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.10.4.480 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The Relation of ERP Indices of Exercise to Brain Health and Cognition
Hillman, C. H., Kamijo, K., & Pontifex, M. B. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3293-7_18 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“…with improvements in cognition observed for both simple and choice RT tasks (Ellemberg and St-Louis-Deschênes 2010 ) , aspects of concentration (Caterino and Polack 1999 ; Mahar et al. 2006 ; McNaughten and Gabbard 1993 ) , mathematics (Gabbard, and Barton 1979 ) , brief tests of academic…”
MethodThe Association of Physical Activity and Academic Behavior: A Systematic Review
Sullivan, R. A., Kuzel, A. H., Vaandering, M. E., & Chen, W. (2017) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/josh.12502 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
McGarty, A., Penpraze, V., & Melville, C. (2014) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2014.02.009 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Applying HOPSCOTCH as an exer-learning game in English lessons: two exploratory studies
Lucht, M., & Heidig, S. (2013) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-013-9308-3 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“…Etnier (2003) also included some studies that investigated acute physical activities, such as 20 min of treadmill running (Zervas et al. 1991), 15 min of stretching and walking (Caterino and Polak 1999), and 10 min of circuit training or physical games (Skolnick 1980; cf. Sibley and Etnier 2003).”
BackgroundJaakkola, T., & Washington, T. L. (2012) · doi:10.1080/17408989.2012.690386 · Cited by 41
Delk, J., Springer, A. E., Kelder, S. H., & Grayless, M. (2014) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/josh.12203 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
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O’Dea, J., & Mugridge, A. C. (2012) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/cys069 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Although relatively few studies have examined the relationship between PA and educational performance or achievement, a number of studies have proposed that PA is positively related to brain function and cognitive performance [18–20].”
BackgroundResultHyperactivity and Motoric Activity in ADHD: Characterization, Assessment, and Intervention
Gawrilow, C., Kühnhausen, J., Schmid, J., & Stadler, G. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00171 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“However, subgroups as elementary school children (112) seem to benefit from PA interventions.”
BackgroundDelayed Positive Effects of an Acute Bout of Coordinative Exercise on Children's Attention
Schmidt, M., Egger, F., & Conzelmann, A. (2015) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/22.06.pms.121c22x1 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Caterino and Polak (1999 ) tested the eff ects of a 15-min. physical activity program of stretching and aerobic exercise in the gymnasium on the concentration performance of second-, third-, and fourth-grade schoolchildren.”
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“A more recent study by Caterino and Polak (1999) indicated that aerobic exercise improved the concentration of fourth-grade students and had no effect on second- and third-grade children’s concentration.”
BackgroundResultChildhood Markers of Health Behavior Relate to Hippocampal Health, Memory, and Academic Performance
Hassevoort, K. M., Khan, N. A., Hillman, C. H., & Cohen, N. J. (2016) · Mind Brain and Education · doi:10.1111/mbe.12108 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Energy intake and appetite following netball exercise over 5 days in trained 13–15 year old girls
Rumbold, P. L. S., Gibson, A. S. C., Allsop, S., Stevenson, E., & Dodd-Reynolds, C. J. (2011) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.02.014 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Justifying Physical Education Based on Neuroscience Evidence
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“…exercise has been shown to improve cognitive function in adults (Brisswater, Col- 26 JOPERD • Volume 81 No. 3 • March 2010 lardeau, & Arcelin, 2002; Tomporowski) and children (Caterino & Polak, 1999; McNaughton & Gabbard, 1993), which suggests that exercising before studying may enhance learning.”
BackgroundCamero, M. A., Hobbs, C. E., Stringer, M., Branscum, P., & Taylor, E. L. (2012) · International Journal of Mental Health Promotion · doi:10.1080/14623730.2012.752901 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“…4, 196–206, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14623730.2012.752901 attain include improved mental health, attention, focus, mood, sense of self-image, autonomy and social health (Caterino & Polak, 1999; CDC, 2009; Dregval & Petrauskiene, 2009; Shephard, 1996; Sibley & Etnier, 2003; Waring et al., 2007).”
InfluentialThe Benefits of Movement for Youth: A Whole Child Approach
Savina, E., Garrity, K., Kenny, P., & Doerr, C. (2016) · Contemporary School Psychology · doi:10.1007/s40688-016-0084-z · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Mannino, G., Giunta, S., Montefiori, V., Tamanza, G., Iacolino, C., Novara, C., Pillitteri, R., Fiura, G. L., & Bernardone, A. (2019) · World Futures · doi:10.1080/02604027.2019.1654772 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Later, the work of other authors supported this finding (Caterino & Polak, 1999; Roberts, Freed, & McCarthy, 2010; Sallis et al., 1999; Taras & Potts-Datema, 2005; Telford et al., 2012; Tomporowski, 2003).”
ResultThe Effect of Sport on Life Skills in High School Students
Düz, S., & Aslan, T. V. (2020) · Asian Journal of Education and Training · doi:10.20448/journal.522.2020.62.161.168 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Zhang, D., Shi, L., Zhu, X., Chen, S., & Liu, Y. (2023) · Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness · doi:10.1016/j.jesf.2023.09.004 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Integrating these activities may enhance cognitive functioning, 88 attention 89 and understanding ability.”
BackgroundPhysical education and academic achievement—literature review 1997–2015
Zach, S., Shoval, E., & Lidor, R. (2017) · Journal of Curriculum Studies · doi:10.1080/00220272.2016.1234649 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“In one study (Caterino & Polak, 1999), 117 young students were divided into two groups: one group continued to study in their classroom, while the other did 15 min of physical activity in a gym, which included stretching and walking.”
BackgroundDapp, L. C., & Roebers, C. M. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16152658 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Dalziell, A., Boyle, J., & Mutrie, N. (2015) · Europe's Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.v11i4.950 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Laberge, S., Bush, P. L., & Chagnon, M. (2012) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.4278/ajhp.090625-quan-202 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“These different measures included the d2 attention test,(45,48) a mathematical computation test,(47) an electroencephalogram and the Wide Range Achievement Test,(44) and the Woodcock-Johnson test of concentration.(46) The present study stands alone in that the targeted dimension of attention/concentration was more beh…”
MethodThe Influence of Classroom Physical Activity Participation and Time on Task on Academic Achievement
Szabo‐Reed, A. N., Willis, E. A., Lee, J., Hillman, C. H., Washburn, R. A., & Donnelly, J. E. (2019) · Translational Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1249/tjx.0000000000000087 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“For example, Caterino and Polak (12) found that concentration in fourth graders improved postrecess participation.”
BackgroundPodnar, H., Novak, D., & Radman, I. (2018) · Kinesiology · doi:10.26582/k.50.2.17 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Studies have examined the relationship between recess or increased physical activity during recess and cognitive skills (attention or concentration) and academic behavior (on-task behavior) (Caterino and Polak, 1999; Jarrett et al., 1998; Pellegrini and Davis, 1993; Pellegrini et al., 1995).”
BackgroundDer Zusammenhang von Fitness, kognitiver Leistungsfähigkeit und Gehirnzustand im Schulkindalter
Hillman, C. H., & Schott, N. (2013) · Zeitschrift für Sportpsychologie · doi:10.1026/1612-5010/a000085 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The right to play: Eliminating the opportunity gap in elementary school recess
London, R. A. (2019) · Phi Delta Kappan · doi:10.1177/0031721719885921 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Correlates of State Enactment of Elementary School Physical Education Laws
Monnat, S. M., Lounsbery, M. A. F., & Smith, N. J. (2014) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.09.006 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“…research has shown that when schools allocate daily time to PE and other PA programming, academic achievement is either maintained or improved (Caterino and Polack, 1999; CDC, 2010a; Coe et al., 2006; Dwyer et al., 2001; McNaughten and Gabbard, 1993; Sallis et al., 1999), the threat of…”
BackgroundStep-Count Promotion Through a School-Based Intervention
Shore, S. M., Sachs, M., Ducette, J. P., & Libonati, J. R. (2014) · Clinical Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/1054773813485240 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“This objective was based on previous studies which have shown that a lack of physical activity impedes student achievement (Basch, 2010) and that short-term cognitive benefits are positively associated with physical activity levels (Caterino & Polak, 1999; Taras, 2005).”
BackgroundResultCenteio, E. E., Somers, C. L., Moore, E. W. G., Kulik, N. L., Garn, A. C., Martin, J. J., & McCaughtry, N. (2018) · Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy · doi:10.1080/17408989.2018.1441395 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“…in the United States studies have shown a positive relationship between academic or classroom outcomes and factors such as physical education (Sallis et al. 1997), recess (Caterino and Polak 1999), after school clubs (Hillman et al. 2014), and physical activity breaks (Donnelly and Lambourne 2011).”
BackgroundSmith, N. J., & Lounsbery, M. A. F. (2009) · Journal of Physical Education Recreation & Dance · doi:10.1080/07303084.2009.10598266 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Today substantial evidence supports the notion that the quality and quantity of physical activity participation have implications for increased academic performance (Caterino & Polak, 1999; Shephard & Trudeau, 2005; Symons, Cinelli, James, & Groff, 1997).”
BackgroundExamining the Impact of Sports on Secondary Education Students' Life Skills
Coşkuner, Z., Buyukcelebi, H., Kurak, K., & Açak, M. (2021) · International Journal of Progressive Education · doi:10.29329/ijpe.2020.332.18 · Cited by 13
“…conducted in the field of Sports indicate that sports activities shape and develop the personality and character structure, provide improvements in body and mental health, and have serious effects on the individual's positive behaviors in the individual and social areas (Caterino and Polak, 1999).”
Effects of an aerobic fitness test on short- and long-term memory in elementary-aged children
Etnier, J. L., Sprick, P. M., Labban, J. D., Shih, C.-H., Glass, S. M., & Vance, J. C. (2020) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2020.1778251 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Lotfi, S., Moutaraji, I. E., & Talbi, M. (2020) · International journal of human movement and sports sciences · doi:10.13189/saj.2020.080105 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Sember, V., Morrison, S., Jurak, G., Kovač, M., & Starc, G. (2018) · Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine · doi:10.26773/mjssm.180309 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“…also acknowledge that the increase in PA can have many other beneficial effects, such as higher self-esteem, body image (Libbey, 2004), improved concentration (Caterino & Polak, 1999) and better behaviour in the classroom (Evans, Evans, Schmid & Pennypacker, 1985; Allison, Faith & Franklin, 1985).”
BackgroundSt-Louis-Deschênes, M., Moore, R., & Ellemberg, D. (2015) · Pediatrics & Therapeutics · doi:10.4172/2161-0665.1000238 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“However, few exercise studies systematically investigated different age groups of children [2,17], with results being equivocal, and no prior investigation evaluated the behavioral or neural correlates of attentional processes.”
BackgroundResultUsing Innovative Playgrounds and Cross-Curricular Design to Increase Physical Activity
Dotterweich, A. R., Greene, A., & Blosser, D. F. (2012) · Journal of Physical Education Recreation & Dance · doi:10.1080/07303084.2012.10598780 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“…of academic benefits, including improvement in concentration and attention (Budde, Voelcker-Rehage, Pietraßyk-Kendziorra, Ribeiro, & Tidow, 2008; Caterino & Polak, 1999; Ericcsson, 2008), classroom behavior (Barros, Silver, & Stein, 2009; Jarrett et al., 1998), correct responses to…”
Yuan, Y., Wang, M., Zhang, Q., Zhang, Y., Wang, X., Hou, X., Zhang, S., & Liu, Y. (2022) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/jar.12976 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Hassan, A. (2015) · Apple Academic Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b18227-21
Modifiable Lifestyle Factors and Cognition Through Midlife
Randolph, J. S., & Randolph, J. J. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6605-5_3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Development and Evaluation of an Image Processing-Based Kinesthetic Learning System
Yıldız, D., Fidan, U., Yıldız, M., Er, B., Ocak, G., Güngör, F., Ocak, İ., & Akyıldız, Z. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app14052186 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“For example, Caterino and Polak [24] divided the students in a class into control and experimental groups.”
BackgroundDramatising the shock of the new: using Arts-based embodied pedagogies to teach life skills
Robbie, S., & Warren, B. (2020) · Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education · doi:10.1080/01596306.2020.1843114 · Cited by 5
“Research has shown that movement, particularly repetitive movement (lateral, centring, and focusing dimensions), helps people memorise and remember information better (Pica, 1998) and in some cases improve academic achievement (Caterino & Polak, 1999).”
BackgroundPhysical activity and self-esteem: ‘Jonny’s story’
Howells, K., & Bowen, J. (2016) · Education 3-13 · doi:10.1080/03004279.2016.1171572 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“As Coe (2011) suggested, sport has the ability to change the lives of young people, and the class teacher and school wanted to see if this was possible through physical activity interventions.”
BackgroundThe Effect of Acute Aerobic Exercise on Spontaneous Brain Activity in Children
St-Louis-Deschênes, M., Moore, R., & Ellemberg, D. (2015) · Pediatrics & Therapeutics · doi:10.4172/2161-0665.1000229 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Furthermore, crosssectional and longitudinal studies reveal differences in brain structure [5,6] and function [4] between more active/higher-fit children and less active/lower-fit children.”
BackgroundL’exercice physique aigu et la performance cognitive chez l’enfant et l’adolescent
St-Louis-Deschênes, M., & Ellemberg, D. (2013) · Science & Sports · doi:10.1016/j.scispo.2011.10.007 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Woods, A. M., & Weasmer, J. (2006) · Nutrition for healthy living · doi:10.1080/00228958.2006.10518022 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Perception of Trainers for the Athlete
Güngör, N., & Kurtipek, S. (2019) · Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise · doi:10.15314/tsed.519888 · Cited by 4
“Openness to Development Baby (6), Sapling (5), Rough mine (4), Garden (3), Tree (3), Seed (3), Plant (2), Coal (2), Parrot (1), Paper (1), Raw Material (1), Statue (1), Dough (1), Structure (1), Iron (1), Child (1)”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Impact of Physical Education and Sport on in Educational Outcomes and e-Learning Based on IoT
Xu, Y. (2022) · Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing · doi:10.1155/2022/1111108 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
RetractedBenefits of Movement-Integrated Learning Activities in Statistics and Research Methods Courses
Rhoads, M. C., Kirkland, R. A., Baker, C. A., Yeats, J. T., & Grevstad, N. (2020) · Teaching of Psychology · doi:10.1177/0098628320977265 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Djamel, B. (2020) · Fizicko vaspitanje i sport kroz vekove · doi:10.2478/spes-2020-0015 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Greene, A., & Dotterweich, A. R. (2013) · Educational Studies · doi:10.1080/03055698.2012.674635 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sports in Gaining Life Skills: A Study on 10-14 Years Old Students
Karademir, T. (2020) · Asian Journal of Education and Training · doi:10.20448/journal.522.2020.63.485.492 · Cited by 2
Nugroho, I. S., Hardjajani, T., & Hardjono (2009) · doi:10.13057/wacana.v1i2.59 · Cited by 2
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“The acute aerobic study by Caterino and Polak (1999) addressed this issue but gave little explanation as to why 4th graders scored differently to 2nd and 3rd.”
BackgroundSupporting good nutrition for people with learning disabilities
Kennedy, K., Pannell, J., & Summers, N. (2004) · Housing Care and Support · doi:10.1108/14608790200400021 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Naeger, D. (2018) · doi:10.18297/etd/3105 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Caterino and Polak (1999) examined the impact participation in physical activity had on concentration levels of elementary students.”
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Alfaro, A. (2018) · doi:10.23854/07198698.201852alfaro26 · Cited by 1
“concentración (17) y el cálculo matemático (18).”
Movement Integration: What Is It and Why Should We Do It?
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Movement in the Mathematics Classroom
Gupta, D., & Cobb, S. (2017) · Springer texts in education · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-6424-1_10 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ridgway, A. (2004) · doi:10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.412 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Most of the principals believed that children who have recess are more attentive and relaxed later in the day (Caterino & Polak, 1999).”
BackgroundThe academic and psychological benefits of exercise in healthy children and adolescents
Rasmussen, M., & Laumann, K. (2012) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-012-0148-z · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Short-term experiments Caterino and Polak (1999) studied the effect of 15 min of walking on concentration in an experiment with 177 children from the second, third, and fourth grade.”
Background
- Authors
- Caterino, M. C., & Polak, E. D.
- Affiliations
- West Deptford (NJ) Township School District
- Corresponding author
- Polak, Emanuel D.
- Venue
- Perceptual and Motor Skills
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1999-08
- Volume
- 89
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 245-248
- ISSN
- 0031-5125 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-688X
- OpenAlex
- W2114932072
- Cited by
- 150
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Perceptual and Motor Skills (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Children's Physical and Motor Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- recess, physical activity, concentration, attention, elementary school students, physical education, grade level differences
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Attention, Child, Child Behavior, Discrimination, Psychological, Female, Form Perception, Humans, Male, Psychological Tests, Students, Exercise
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