A primer on investigating the after effects of acute bouts of physical activity on cognition

Pontifex, Matthew B.; McGowan, Amanda L.; Chandler, Madison C.; Gwizdala, Kathryn L.; Parks, Andrew C.; Fenn, Kimberly; Kamijo, Keita

doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.08.015

Cited by 339Physical Activity and HealthCardiovascular and exercise physiologyCognitive Functions and Memory

A primer on investigating the after effects of acute bouts of physical activity on cognition

Pontifex, Matthew B., McGowan, Amanda L., Chandler, Madison C., Gwizdala, Kathryn L., Parks, Andrew C., Fenn, Kimberly, Kamijo, Keita·2019·Psychology of Sport and Exercise

DOI 10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.08.015

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Exercise prescription is the key for dosing and for individualization of acute physical exercises and physical training.
“Furthermore, exercise prescription is the key for dosing (Wasfy and Baggish, 2016; Pontifex et al., 2018) and for individualization of acute physical exercises and physical training (Lightfoot, 2008).”
From Dose-Response Matters! - A Perspective on the Exercise Prescription in Exercise-Cognition Research (2019) · cites this paper as Pontifex et al., 2018

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Applications of Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) Neuroimaging in Exercise–Cognition Science: A Systematic, Methodology-Focused Review
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The effects of physical exercise on anxiety symptoms of college students: A meta-analysis
Lin, Y., & Gao, W. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1136900 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Perspective of Dose and Response for Individualized Physical Exercise and Training Prescription
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The Differential Impact of Acute Exercise and Mindfulness Meditation on Executive Functioning and Psycho-Emotional Well-Being in Children and Youth With ADHD
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A Review of Cognitive Changes During Acute Aerobic Exercise
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Look into my eyes: What can eye-based measures tell us about the relationship between physical activity and cognitive performance?
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Acute high‐intensity football games can improve children"s inhibitory control and neurophysiological measures of attention
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Effect of Acute Physical Exercise on Executive Functions and Emotional Recognition: Analysis of Moderate to High Intensity in Young Adults
Aguirre-Loaiza, H., Arenas, J., Padilla, I. A., Jiménez, A. M. F., Barbosa-Granados, S., Bermúdez, S. R., Ayala-Zuluaga, F., Núñez, C., & García-Más, A. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02774 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Effect of football activity and physical fitness on information processing, inhibitory control and working memory in adolescents
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Exercise Improves Video Game Performance: A Win–Win Situation
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Effects of reducing sedentary behaviour by increasing physical activity, on cognitive function, brain function and structure across the lifespan: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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Meta-analysis of the effects of physical activity on executive function in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
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Effects of Acute Resistance Exercise on Executive Function: A Systematic Review of the Moderating Role of Intensity and Executive Function Domain
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Acute effect of physical activity on academic outcomes in school‐aged youth: A systematic review and multivariate meta‐analysis
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Effect of Acute Exercise on Prefrontal Oxygenation and Inhibitory Control Among Male Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Exploratory Study
Bremer, E., Graham, J. D., Heisz, J. J., & Cairney, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00084 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
The Effect of Acute Aerobic Exercise on Divergent and Convergent Thinking and Its Influence by Mood
Aga, K., Inamura, M., Chen, C., Hagiwara, K., Yamashita, R., Hirotsu, M., Seki, T., Takao, A., Fujii, Y., Matsubara, T., et al. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11050546 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Pupil-linked arousal with very light exercise: pattern of pupil dilation during graded exercise
Kuwamizu, R., Yamazaki, Y., Aoike, N., Ochi, G., Suwabe, K., & Soya, H. (2022) · The Journal of Physiological Sciences · doi:10.1186/s12576-022-00849-x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
New Directions in Exercise Prescription: Is There a Role for Brain-Derived Parameters Obtained by Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy?
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Acute effects of highly intense interval and moderate continuous exercise on the modulation of neural oscillation during working memory
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Study protocol and rationale of the “Cogni-action project” a cross-sectional and randomized controlled trial about physical activity, brain health, cognition, and educational achievement in schoolchildren
Solis‐Urra, P., Arancibia, J. E. O., Suárez‐Cadenas, E., Sanchez‐Martinez, J., Rodríguez‐Rodríguez, F., Ortega, F. B., Esteban‐Cornejo, I., Cadenas‐Sánchez, C., Castro‐Piñero, J., Veloz, A., et al. (2019) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-019-1639-8 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Physical Activity, Fitness, and Executive Functions in Youth: Effects, Moderators, and Mechanisms
Lubans, D. R., Leahy, A. A., Mavilidi, M. F., & Valkenborghs, S. R. (2021) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2021_271 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Acute exercise and children’s cognitive functioning: What is the optimal dose of cognitive challenge?
Anzeneder, S., Zehnder, C., Martin‐Niedecken, A. L., Schmidt, M., & Benzing, V. (2023) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102404 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Frequent, Short Physical Activity Breaks Reduce Prefrontal Cortex Activation but Preserve Working Memory in Middle-Aged Adults: ABBaH Study
Heiland, E. G., Tarassova, O., Fernström, M., English, C., Ekblom, Ö. B., & Ekblom, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2021.719509 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Pupillometric indices of locus-coeruleus activation are not modulated following single bouts of exercise
McGowan, A. L., Chandler, M. C., Brascamp, J. W., & Pontifex, M. B. (2019) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.04.004 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
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Acute Effects of a Short Bout of Physical Activity on Cognitive Function in Sport Students
Niedermeier, M., Weiss, E. M., Steidl-Müller, L., Burtscher, M., & Kopp, M. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17103678 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“The sample size was comparable to previously conducted studies on acute bouts of physical activity on cognition where a median sample size of around 20 participants within each group is reported [14].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Twenty-five years of blood flow restriction training: What we know, what we don’t, and where to next?
Loenneke, J. P., Hammert, W. B., Kataoka, R., Yamada, Y., & Abe, T. (2025) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2025.2474329 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Acute moderate-intensity exercise generally enhances neural resources related to perceptual and cognitive processes: A randomized controlled ERP study
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Effects of Intermittent Hypoxia-Hyperoxia Exposure Prior to Aerobic Cycling Exercise on Physical and Cognitive Performance in Geriatric Patients—A Randomized Controlled Trial
Behrendt, T., Bielitzki, R., Behrens, M., Glazachev, O. S., & Schega, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.899096 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Inter-Individual Differences in Cognitive Response to a Single Bout of Physical Exercise—A Randomized Controlled Cross-Over Study
Schwarck, S., Schmicker, M., Dordevic, M., Rehfeld, K., Müller, N. G., & Müller, P. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8081101 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
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Acute effects of aerobic exercise on conflict suppression, response inhibition, and processing efficiency underlying inhibitory control processes: An ERP and SFT study
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The Effects of Cognitively Challenging Physical Activity Games versus Health-Related Fitness Activities on Students’ Executive Functions and Situational Interest in Physical Education: A Group-Randomized Controlled Trial
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Optimal exercise intensity for improving executive function in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: systematic review and network meta-analysis
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The effects of acute exercise on short- and long-term memory: Considerations for the timing of exercise and phases of memory
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Experimental Manipulation of Psychological Control Scenarios: Implications for Exercise and Memory Research
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The Daily Mile™: Acute effects on children’s cognitive function and factors affecting their enjoyment
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Do Physical Fitness and Executive Function Mediate the Relationship between Physical Activity and Academic Achievement? An Examination Using Structural Equation Modelling
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Aerobic exercise enhances positive emotional reactivity in individuals with depressive symptoms: evidence from neural responses to reward and emotional content
Brush, C. J., Foti, D., Bocchine, A. J., Muniz, K. M., Gooden, M. J., Spaeth, A. M., Miller, M. W., & Alderman, B. L. (2020) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2020.100339 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Impact of acute open-skill exercise on inhibitory control and brain activation: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study
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Examining the Acute Effects of Classroom-Based Physical Activity Breaks on Executive Functioning in 11- to 14-Year-Old Children: Single and Additive Moderation Effects of Physical Fitness
Graham, J. D., Bremer, E., Fenesi, B., & Cairney, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2021.688251 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Acute effects of physical activity on cognitive function in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Sibbick, E., Boat, R., Sarkar, M., Groom, M. J., & Cooper, S. B. (2022) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2022.100469 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The impact of exercise environments on adolescents’ cognitive and psychological outcomes: A randomised controlled trial
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Shedding Light on the Effects of Moderate Acute Exercise on Working Memory Performance in Healthy Older Adults: An fNIRS Study
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Effect of Differing Durations of High-Intensity Intermittent Activity on Cognitive Function in Adolescents
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The Influence of Acute Sprint Interval Training on Cognitive Performance of Healthy Younger Adults
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Feasibility of test administration and preliminary findings for cognitive control in the Burn 2 learn pilot randomised controlled trial
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Acute exercise effects on inhibitory control and the pupillary response in young adults
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A Review of Factors Affecting the Acute Exercise-Cognition Relationship in Children and Adolescents
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Evaluation of Probiotics for Warfighter Health and Performance
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Effects of Physical Exercise Breaks on Executive Function in a Simulated Classroom Setting: Uncovering a Window into the Brain
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Effects of cognitive demand during acute exercise on inhibitory control and its electrophysiological indices: A randomized crossover study
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The acute effects of physical exercise breaks on cognitive function during prolonged sitting: The first quantitative evidence
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Beyond FITT: addressing density in understanding the dose–response relationships of physical activity with health—an example based on brain health
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Effect of cognitively engaging physical activity on executive functions in children
Bulten, R., Bedard, C., Graham, J. D., & Cairney, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.841192 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Infusing Physical Activity into Early Childhood Classrooms: Guidance for Best Practices
McGowan, A. L., Chandler, M. C., & Gerde, H. K. (2023) · Early Childhood Education Journal · doi:10.1007/s10643-023-01532-5 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
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The influence of acute sprint exercise on cognition, gaming performance, and cortical hemodynamics in esports players and age-matched controls
Mancı, E., Gençtürk, U., Günay, E., Güdücü, Ç., Herold, F., & Bediz, C. Ş. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-05750-x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Physical activity and its association with cognitive function in middle‐ and older‐aged Chinese: Evidence from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, 2015
Zhou, X., Liao, S., Qi, L., & Wang, R. (2021) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2021.1897164 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Acute exercise and cognition: A review with testable questions for future research into cognitive enhancement with blood flow restriction
Yamada, Y., Frith, E., Wong, V. H. Y., Spitz, R. W., Bell, Z. W., Chatakondi, R. N., Abe, T., & Loenneke, J. P. (2021) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110586 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Acute High-Intensity Interval Exercise Improves Inhibitory Control Among Young Adult Males With Obesity
Xie, C., Alderman, B. L., Meng, F., Ai, J., Chang, Y., & Li, A.-M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01291 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Physical Exercise and Cognitive Function
Pastor, D., Ballester-Ferrer, J. A., Carbonell-Hernández, L., Baladzhaeva, S., & Cervelló, E. M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19159564 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Effect of acute exercise on cognitive flexibility: Role of baseline cognitive performance
Mou, H., Tian, S., Yuan, Y., Sun, D., & Qiu, F. (2023) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2023.100522 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Exogenous Ketone Salts Do Not Improve Cognitive Performance During a Dual-Stress Challenge
Waldman, H. S., Shepherd, B. D., Egan, B., & McAllister, M. J. (2019) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0122 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Field Methods to Quantify Emergency Responder Fatigue: Lessons Learned from sUAS Deployment at the 2018 Kilauea Volcano Eruption
Mehta, R. K., Nuamah, J. K., Peres, S. C., & Murphy, R. R. (2020) · IISE Transactions on Occupational Ergonomics and Human Factors · doi:10.1080/24725838.2020.1855272 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The effect of acute exercise for reducing cognitive alterations associated with individuals high in anxiety
Pontifex, M. B., Parks, A. C., Paoli, A. G. D., Schroder, H. S., & Moser, J. S. (2021) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.06.008 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
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Acute effects of intense interval versus aerobic exercise on children's behavioral and neuroelectric measures of inhibitory control
Kao, S., Baumgartner, N. W., Noh, K., Wang, C., & Schmitt, S. A. (2023) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2023.05.003 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The brain in motion–cognitive effects of simultaneous motor activity
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An integrated model of acute exercise on memory function
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Physical Exercise and Fitness Level Are Related to Cognitive and Psychosocial Functioning in Adolescents
Reigal, R. E., Hernández-Mendo, A., de Mier, R. J.-R., & Morales‐Sánchez, V. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01777 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Dose–response relation between the duration of a cognitively challenging bout of physical exercise and children's cognition
Anzeneder, S., Zehnder, C., Schmid, J., Martin‐Niedecken, A. L., Schmidt, M., & Benzing, V. (2023) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.14370 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
A Ketone Monoester with Carbohydrate Improves Cognitive Measures Postexercise, but Not Performance in Trained Females
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Physical Exercise Intensity During Submersion Selectively Affects Executive Functions
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Early stages of the acute physical stress response increase loss aversion and learning on decision making: A Bayesian approach
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Meeting 24-hour movement behavior guidelines in young children: Improved quantity estimation and self-regulation
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The role of physical exercise on the brain and cognitive functions of patients in recovery from substance use disorder: A narrative review and recommendations for researchers and practitioners
Cabral, D. A. R., Dongshi, W., Schuch, F. B., & Tavares, V. D. D. O. (2024) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2024.100594 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Acute Exercise-Induced Set Shifting Benefits in Healthy Adults and Its Moderators: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Oberste, M., Sharma, S., Bloch, W., & Zimmer, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.528352 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
A scoping review of effects of acute exercise on executive function: evidence from event-related potentials
Cai, Z., Shi, L., Wu, W., Meng, L., Ru, Y., & Wu, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1599861 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Acute physical activity and cognitive performance: A focus on mediators and moderators
Benzing, V. (2023) · Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS) · doi:10.36950/2023.2ciss035
A systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis provide evidence for an effect of acute physical activity on cognition in young adults
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Physical Activity and Cognition: Examining Temporal Dynamics via Micro-Longitudinal Studies With Ambulatory Assessment
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A review of school-based studies on the effect of acute physical activity on cognitive function in children and young people
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Authors: Pontifex, M. B., McGowan, A. L., Chandler, M. C., Gwizdala, K. L., Parks, A. C., Fenn, K., & Kamijo, K.
Affiliations: Michigan State University (US)
University of Tsukuba (JP)
Corresponding author: Pontifex, Matthew B.
ORCID: Pontifex, Matthew B.
McGowan, Amanda L.
Chandler, Madison C.
Gwizdala, Kathryn L.
Parks, Andrew C.
Fenn, Kimberly
Kamijo, Keita
Venue: Psychology of Sport and Exercise
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2019-01
Volume: 40
Pages: 1-22
ISSN: 1469-0292 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.08.015
OpenAlex: W2889924106
Cited by: 339
References: 174
Citations by year: 2026: 40 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 1
FWCI: 16.45
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Psychology of sport and exercise (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
Keywords: acute exercise, single bout exercise, exercise and cognition, dose-response relationship, moderators, experimental design, cognitive assessment, reporting transparency, research methodology

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A primer on investigating the after effects of acute bouts of physical activity on cognition

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