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Effects of Two Types of Activity on the Performance of Second-, Third-, and Fourth-Grade Students on a Test of Concentration
Abstract
The appropriateness of recess in the elementary program continues to be questioned although generally it is believed to be useful by elementary principals despite a dearth of supportive data. This study was a developmental study of the effects of physical activity on concentration. Comparison of passive and directed physical education activities on the concentration of second-, third-, and fourth-grade children was made. The Woodcock-Johnson Test of Concentration showed better performance by the fourth graders and within Grade 4 in favor of the physical activity group. A structured physical activity or a classroom activity immediately prior to a concentration task was not detrimental to children in Grades 2 and 3. Fourth-grade children performed significantly better on a test of concentration after engaging in a physical activity.
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“The influence of moderators and mediators to PA, such as socioeconomic status, parental education (83), concentration (84) gender (85), personality (86), motivation, body-image, self-esteem (87), have also been shown to have an impact on AP.”
From Children's Physical Activity, Academic Performance, and Cognitive Functioning: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [84]
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“A more recent study by Caterino and Polak (1999) indicated that aerobic exercise improved the concentration of fourth-grade students and had no effect on second- and third-grade children’s concentration.”
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“…4, 196–206, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14623730.2012.752901 attain include improved mental health, attention, focus, mood, sense of self-image, autonomy and social health (Caterino & Polak, 1999; CDC, 2009; Dregval & Petrauskiene, 2009; Shephard, 1996; Sibley & Etnier, 2003; Waring et al., 2007).”
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“Later, the work of other authors supported this finding (Caterino & Polak, 1999; Roberts, Freed, & McCarthy, 2010; Sallis et al., 1999; Taras & Potts-Datema, 2005; Telford et al., 2012; Tomporowski, 2003).”
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“Integrating these activities may enhance cognitive functioning, 88 attention 89 and understanding ability.”
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“These different measures included the d2 attention test,(45,48) a mathematical computation test,(47) an electroencephalogram and the Wide Range Achievement Test,(44) and the Woodcock-Johnson test of concentration.(46) The present study stands alone in that the targeted dimension of attention/concentration was more beh…”
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“For example, Caterino and Polak (12) found that concentration in fourth graders improved postrecess participation.”
BackgroundPodnar, H., Novak, D., & Radman, I. (2018) · Kinesiology · doi:10.26582/k.50.2.17 · Cited by 22
“Studies have examined the relationship between recess or increased physical activity during recess and cognitive skills (attention or concentration) and academic behavior (on-task behavior) (Caterino and Polak, 1999; Jarrett et al., 1998; Pellegrini and Davis, 1993; Pellegrini et al., 1995).”
BackgroundDer Zusammenhang von Fitness, kognitiver Leistungsfähigkeit und Gehirnzustand im Schulkindalter
Hillman, C. H., & Schott, N. (2013) · Zeitschrift für Sportpsychologie · doi:10.1026/1612-5010/a000085 · Cited by 33
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“…research has shown that when schools allocate daily time to PE and other PA programming, academic achievement is either maintained or improved (Caterino and Polack, 1999; CDC, 2010a; Coe et al., 2006; Dwyer et al., 2001; McNaughten and Gabbard, 1993; Sallis et al., 1999), the threat of…”
BackgroundStep-Count Promotion Through a School-Based Intervention
Shore, S. M., Sachs, M., Ducette, J. P., & Libonati, J. R. (2014) · Clinical Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/1054773813485240 · Cited by 18
“This objective was based on previous studies which have shown that a lack of physical activity impedes student achievement (Basch, 2010) and that short-term cognitive benefits are positively associated with physical activity levels (Caterino & Polak, 1999; Taras, 2005).”
BackgroundResultCenteio, E. E., Somers, C. L., Moore, E. W. G., Kulik, N. L., Garn, A. C., Martin, J. J., & McCaughtry, N. (2018) · Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy · doi:10.1080/17408989.2018.1441395 · Cited by 18
“…in the United States studies have shown a positive relationship between academic or classroom outcomes and factors such as physical education (Sallis et al. 1997), recess (Caterino and Polak 1999), after school clubs (Hillman et al. 2014), and physical activity breaks (Donnelly and Lambourne 2011).”
BackgroundSmith, N. J., & Lounsbery, M. A. F. (2009) · Journal of Physical Education Recreation & Dance · doi:10.1080/07303084.2009.10598266 · Cited by 22
“Today substantial evidence supports the notion that the quality and quantity of physical activity participation have implications for increased academic performance (Caterino & Polak, 1999; Shephard & Trudeau, 2005; Symons, Cinelli, James, & Groff, 1997).”
BackgroundExamining the Impact of Sports on Secondary Education Students' Life Skills
Coşkuner, Z., Buyukcelebi, H., Kurak, K., & Açak, M. (2021) · International Journal of Progressive Education · doi:10.29329/ijpe.2020.332.18 · Cited by 13
“…conducted in the field of Sports indicate that sports activities shape and develop the personality and character structure, provide improvements in body and mental health, and have serious effects on the individual's positive behaviors in the individual and social areas (Caterino and Polak, 1999).”
Effects of an aerobic fitness test on short- and long-term memory in elementary-aged children
Etnier, J. L., Sprick, P. M., Labban, J. D., Shih, C.-H., Glass, S. M., & Vance, J. C. (2020) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2020.1778251 · Cited by 13
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“…also acknowledge that the increase in PA can have many other beneficial effects, such as higher self-esteem, body image (Libbey, 2004), improved concentration (Caterino & Polak, 1999) and better behaviour in the classroom (Evans, Evans, Schmid & Pennypacker, 1985; Allison, Faith & Franklin, 1985).”
BackgroundDavis, M. R. (2015) · Pediatrics & Therapeutics · doi:10.4172/2161-0665.1000238 · Cited by 5
“However, few exercise studies systematically investigated different age groups of children [2,17], with results being equivocal, and no prior investigation evaluated the behavioral or neural correlates of attentional processes.”
BackgroundResultUsing Innovative Playgrounds and Cross-Curricular Design to Increase Physical Activity
Dotterweich, A. R., Greene, A., & Blosser, D. F. (2012) · Journal of Physical Education Recreation & Dance · doi:10.1080/07303084.2012.10598780 · Cited by 8
“…of academic benefits, including improvement in concentration and attention (Budde, Voelcker-Rehage, Pietraßyk-Kendziorra, Ribeiro, & Tidow, 2008; Caterino & Polak, 1999; Ericcsson, 2008), classroom behavior (Barros, Silver, & Stein, 2009; Jarrett et al., 1998), correct responses to…”
Yuan, Y., Wang, M., Zhang, Q., Zhang, Y., Wang, X., Hou, X., Zhang, S., & Liu, Y. (2022) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/jar.12976 · Cited by 7
Hassan, A. (2015) · Apple Academic Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b18227-21
Modifiable Lifestyle Factors and Cognition Through Midlife
Randolph, J. S., & Randolph, J. J. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6605-5_3 · Cited by 4
Development and Evaluation of an Image Processing-Based Kinesthetic Learning System
Yıldız, D., Fidan, U., Yıldız, M., Er, B., Ocak, G., Güngör, F., Ocak, İ., & Akyıldız, Z. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app14052186 · Cited by 11
“For example, Caterino and Polak [24] divided the students in a class into control and experimental groups.”
BackgroundDramatising the shock of the new: using Arts-based embodied pedagogies to teach life skills
Robbie, S., & Warren, B. (2020) · Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education · doi:10.1080/01596306.2020.1843114 · Cited by 5
“Research has shown that movement, particularly repetitive movement (lateral, centring, and focusing dimensions), helps people memorise and remember information better (Pica, 1998) and in some cases improve academic achievement (Caterino & Polak, 1999).”
BackgroundPhysical activity and self-esteem: ‘Jonny’s story’
Howells, K., & Bowen, J. (2016) · Education 3-13 · doi:10.1080/03004279.2016.1171572 · Cited by 8
“As Coe (2011) suggested, sport has the ability to change the lives of young people, and the class teacher and school wanted to see if this was possible through physical activity interventions.”
BackgroundThe Effect of Acute Aerobic Exercise on Spontaneous Brain Activity in Children
St-Louis-Deschênes, M., Moore, R., & Ellemberg, D. (2015) · Pediatrics & Therapeutics · doi:10.4172/2161-0665.1000229 · Cited by 5
“Furthermore, crosssectional and longitudinal studies reveal differences in brain structure [5,6] and function [4] between more active/higher-fit children and less active/lower-fit children.”
BackgroundL’exercice physique aigu et la performance cognitive chez l’enfant et l’adolescent
St-Louis-Deschênes, M., & Ellemberg, D. (2011) · Science & Sports · doi:10.1016/j.scispo.2011.10.007 · Cited by 11
Woods, A. M., & Weasmer, J. (2006) · Nutrition for healthy living · doi:10.1080/00228958.2006.10518022 · Cited by 5
Perception of Trainers for the Athlete
Güngör, N., & Kurtipek, S. (2019) · Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise · doi:10.15314/tsed.519888 · Cited by 4
“Openness to Development Baby (6), Sapling (5), Rough mine (4), Garden (3), Tree (3), Seed (3), Plant (2), Coal (2), Parrot (1), Paper (1), Raw Material (1), Statue (1), Dough (1), Structure (1), Iron (1), Child (1)”
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Xu, Y. (2022) · Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing · doi:10.1155/2022/1111108 · Cited by 3
RetractedBenefits of Movement-Integrated Learning Activities in Statistics and Research Methods Courses
Rhoads, M. C., Kirkland, R. A., Baker, C. A., Yeats, J. T., & Grevstad, N. (2020) · Teaching of Psychology · doi:10.1177/0098628320977265 · Cited by 7
Djamel, B. (2020) · Fizicko vaspitanje i sport kroz vekove · doi:10.2478/spes-2020-0015 · Cited by 3
Greene, A., & Dotterweich, A. R. (2013) · Educational Studies · doi:10.1080/03055698.2012.674635 · Cited by 2
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Kingston, Ú., Adamakis, M., & Costa, J. (2020) · Journal of Physical Education and Sport · doi:10.7752/jpes.2020.s6442 · Cited by 1
“The acute aerobic study by Caterino and Polak (1999) addressed this issue but gave little explanation as to why 4th graders scored differently to 2nd and 3rd.”
BackgroundSupporting good nutrition for people with learning disabilities
Kennedy, K., Pannell, J., & Summers, N. (2004) · Housing Care and Support · doi:10.1108/14608790200400021 · Cited by 1
Naeger, D. (2018) · ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository (University of Louisville) · doi:10.18297/etd/3105 · Cited by 1
“Caterino and Polak (1999) examined the impact participation in physical activity had on concentration levels of elementary students.”
BackgroundInfluentialInnovación didáctica en el aula de Biología: cerebro activo en un cuerpo activo
Alfaro, A. (2018) · doi:10.23854/07198698.201852alfaro26 · Cited by 1
“concentración (17) y el cálculo matemático (18).”
Movement Integration: What Is It and Why Should We Do It?
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Movement in the Mathematics Classroom
Gupta, D., & Cobb, S. (2017) · Springer texts in education · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-6424-1_10 · Cited by 1
Ridgway, A. (2003) · Louisiana State University · doi:10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.412
“Most of the principals believed that children who have recess are more attentive and relaxed later in the day (Caterino & Polak, 1999).”
BackgroundThe academic and psychological benefits of exercise in healthy children and adolescents
Rasmussen, M., & Laumann, K. (2012) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-012-0148-z · Cited by 70
“Short-term experiments Caterino and Polak (1999) studied the effect of 15 min of walking on concentration in an experiment with 177 children from the second, third, and fourth grade.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Caterino, M. C., & Polak, E. D.
- Affiliations
- West Deptford (NJ) Township School District
- Corresponding author
- Polak, Emanuel D.
- Venue
- Perceptual and Motor Skills
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1999-08
- Volume
- 89
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 245-248
- ISSN
- 0031-5125 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-688X
- OpenAlex
- W2114932072
- Cited by
- 150
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Perceptual and Motor Skills (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Children's Physical and Motor Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- recess, physical activity, concentration, attention, elementary school students, physical education, grade level differences
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Attention, Child, Child Behavior, Discrimination, Psychological, Female, Form Perception, Humans, Male, Psychological Tests, Students, Exercise
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