Cited by 4,890Meta-analysis and systematic reviewsEducational Research and MethodsPsychology Research and Bibliometrics

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Primary, Secondary, and Meta-Analysis of Research

GLASS, GENE V·1976·Educational Researcher

DOI 10.3102/0013189x005010003

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“Meta-analysis is a method for combining the results of independent studies statistically to determine the overall magnitude of an effect (Glass, 1976).”
Method
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“We need methods for the orderly summarization of studies so that knowledge can be extracted from the myriad individual researches (Glass, 1976, p. 4).”
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“This focus clearly built on the early promise of meta‐analysis as conceived of by Glass.27 In practice, however, Glass's vision was not being realized.”
Background
A meta-analysis: capital structure and firm performance
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“The re-analysis of existing information characterizes secondary data for answering the questions at hand (Glass 1976).”
Method
Modeling relationships between use and nonuse values for surface water quality: A meta‐analysis
Johnston, R. J., Besedin, E. Y., & Wardwell, R. F. (2003) · Water Resources Research · doi:10.1029/2003wr002649 · Cited by 100
SPINAL MANIPULATION
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“The quantitative analysis of study findings using effect sizes is the crux of metaanalysis, as developed by Gene Glass (1976).”
MethodInfluential
A Treatment Outline for Depressive Disorders
(1983) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/00048678309159997 · Cited by 99
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“&dquo; There are eight sociobehavioral categories: ( 1 ) emotional stability; (2) internal motivation, (3) external motivation; (4) perceived barrier: (5) perceived benefit, (6) negative social environment; (7) supportive structure.”
Background
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“Reliability generalization (RG) (Vacha-Haase, 1998) is a meta-analytic technique (Glass, 1976) that examines the variability of the reliability estimates across administration settings. The gist of the analysis is a survey of an instrument’s published psychometric results that produces an integration of various potent…”
Background
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Background
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“For this study, statistical integration of the data was done through a pooling technique as opposed to the traditional effect-size model (Cooper & Hedges, 1994; Glass, 1976; Glass, McGaw, & Smith, 1981; Rosenthal, 1978) because most studies either did not provide any comparative data or did not report enough data to e…”
Method
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“…were computed with the quantreg-module (Version 4.71, Koenker 2011b) in the statistical software R. Meta-analysis refers to analysis of analyses and is able to integrate findings of large collections of individual studies into overall results, to reveal new findings and cross links (Glass 1976).”
MethodInfluential
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Statistical and empirical examination of the chi-square test for homogeneity of correlations in meta-analysis.
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Numbers and Narrative: Combining Their Strengths in Research Reviews
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Gender and science achievement: A reanalysis of studies from two meta‐analyses
Becker, B. J. (1989) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.3660260206 · Cited by 93
Meta‐analysis at middle age: a personal history
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“Apparently, the compilers of the Oxford English Dictionary agreed, because the first usage they record is my 1976 AERA presidential address (Glass, 1976).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Consensus building for interlaboratory studies, key comparisons, and meta-analysis
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An aggregate study of single-case research involving aided AAC: Participant characteristics of individuals with autism spectrum disorders
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“Keywords: meta-analysis, partial effect sizes, regression results META-ANALYSIS IS “THE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS of a large collection of analysis results from individual studies for the purposes of integrating findings” (Glass, 1976, p. 3).”
Method
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Genetic polymorphisms and breast cancer risk: evidence from meta-analyses, pooled analyses, and genome-wide association studies
Peng, S., Lü, B., Ruan, W., Zhu, Y., Sheng, H., & Lai, M. (2011) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1007/s10549-011-1459-5 · Cited by 94
A Meta-Analysis of Complication Rates Among Different SMAS Facelift Techniques
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“Therefore in order to perform ‘a study of studies’[4] or a meta-analysis [ 5 ], a systematic and documented procedure needs to be used to search and screen relevant studies, code results, and provide a quantitative summary of the findings [1, 6].”
Fostering German-language learners’ constructions of meanings for fractions—design and effects of a language- and mathematics-integrated intervention
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Effect of antispasmodic agents, alone or in combination, in the treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Systematic review and meta-analysis
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Discrete Choice Experiment Response Rates: A Meta‐analysis
Watson, V., Becker, F., & de Bekker-Grob, E. W. (2016) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.3354 · Cited by 89
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Integrating Findings from Research Reviews
McGuire, J. (2002) · doi:10.1002/9780470713464.ch1 · Cited by 91
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Does the UK Minimum Wage Reduce Employment? A Meta‐Regression Analysis
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“It connotes a rigorous alternative to the casual, narrative discussions of research studies that typify our attempt to make sense of the rapidly expanding research literature” (Glass, 1976:3).”
Methods for evidence‐based practice: Quantitative synthesis of single‐subject designs
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Presence and metabolism of endogenous androgenic–anabolic steroid hormones in meat-producing animals: a review
Scarth, J. P., Akre, C. J., van Ginkel, L., Bizec, B. L., Brabander, H. D., Korth, W., Points, J., Teale, P., & Kay, J. F. (2009) · Food Additives & Contaminants Part A · doi:10.1080/02652030802627160 · Cited by 90
“…a statistical analysis of results using meta-analysis (defined here as ‘the statistical analysis of a large collection of analysis results for the purpose of integrating the findings’; Glass 1976). would be a desirable outcome, but due to a lack of sufficient data this approach could not be used.”
Method
Untitled work
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“When conducted appropriately, meta-analysis provides a powerful and rigorous alternative to the more traditional, narrative discussions that attempt to make sense of a rapidly expanding literature (e.g. Glass, 1976).”
Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index: A Reliability Generalization Meta-Analysis
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“It should be noted that while quantitative meta-analyses typically recommend the application of research quality criteria for inclusion decisions, an inclusive approach was adopted in this study (Dixon-Woods et al., 2006; Glass, 1976; Norris & Ortega, 2000).”
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“The final weakness in Dear’s model is that he fitted a linear model on the survival probabilities, while the probabilities are restricted to the [0,1] interval.”
BackgroundInfluential
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Authors: GLASS, G. V.
Affiliations: Laboratory of Educational Research University of Colorado
Corresponding author: GLASS, GENE V
ORCID: GLASS, GENE V
Venue: Educational Researcher
Publisher: American Educational Research Association (AERA)
Published: 1976-11
Volume: 5
Issue: 10
Pages: 3-8
ISSN: 0013-189X (ISSN-L)
1935-102X
DOI: 10.3102/0013189x005010003
OpenAlex: W1982070737
Cited by: 4,890
References: 16
Citations by year: 2026: 127 · 2025: 148 · 2024: 127 · 2023: 171 · 2022: 205 · 2021: 239 · 2020: 220 · 2019: 214 · 2018: 196 · 2017: 160 · 2016: 213 · 2015: 225 · 2014: 187 · 2013: 198 · 2012: 181
FWCI: 1.60
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Educational Researcher (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Social Sciences › Education › Educational Research and Methods
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychology Research and Bibliometrics
Keywords: primary research, secondary research, meta-analysis, evidence synthesis

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