The DOI matches its Crossref record; 16 of the 16 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Primary, Secondary, and Meta-Analysis of Research
Overview
Integrity signals
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Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“this study strictly followed the meta-analysis criteria proposed by Glass (1976)”
From A study of the impact of project-based learning on student learning effects: a meta-analysis study (2023) · cites this paper as Glass (1976)
In the citing paper
“In comparison to the narrative review i.e., traditional way of drawing common inferences from the related studies, metaanalysis provides relatively unbiased, rigorous, and trustworthy (Glass 1976; Sharma and Yetton 2003) inferences.”
From Re-examining the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT): Towards a Revised Theoretical Model (2019) · cites this paper as Glass 1976
In the citing paper
“Meta-analysis enables results from multiple studies (Glass 1976; Hunter and Schmidt 1990; Rana et al. 2015a; Wu and Du 2012; Wu and Lederer 2009) to be accumulated for estimates of the true effect sizes of relationships.”
From Re-examining the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT): Towards a Revised Theoretical Model (2019) · cites this paper as Glass 1976
Citations
Cites
Review of Educational Research.
Good, H. G. (1924) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0064223 · Cited by 1,223
Dunkin, M. J., & Biddle, B. J. (1974) · Cited by 1,102
Response Effects in Surveys: A Review and Synthesis.
King, B. F., Sudman, S., & Bradburn, N. M. (1976) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2285784 · Cited by 644
On Equality of Educational Opportunity.
Milner, M., Mosteller, F. C., & Moynihan, D. P. (1973) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2062443 · Cited by 526
Accumulating Evidence: Procedures for Resolving Contradictions among Different Research Studies
Light, R., & Smith, P. (1971) · Harvard Educational Review · doi:10.17763/haer.41.4.437714870334w144 · Cited by 444
The Effectiveness of Alternative Instructional Media: A Survey
Jamison, D. T., Suppes, P., & Wells, S. J. (1974) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543044001001 · Cited by 264
The Research Evidence on the Effects of Grade Retention
Jackson, G. B. (1975) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543045004613 · Cited by 217
Experimental Factors Related to Aptitude-Treatment Interactions
Bracht, G. H. (1970) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543040005627 · Cited by 201
Allen, V. L., & Deutsch, M. (1969) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.2307/1161904 · Cited by 197
The Research Evidence on the Effects of Grade Retention
Jackson, G. B. (1975) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.2307/1170067 · Cited by 167
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Elashoff JD, 1971, Pygmalion reconsidered
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,001–1,042 of 1,042
Resting heart rate changes after endurance training in older adults: A meta-analysis
HUANG, G., SHI, X., DAVIS-BREZETTE, J. A., & OSNESS, W. H. (2005) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000174899.35392.0c · Cited by 74
Systematic reviews in political science: What can the approach contribute to political research?
Dacombe, R. (2018) · Political Studies Review · doi:10.1177/1478929916680641 · Cited by 75
“Originated by Gene Glass (1976), the development of statistical meta-analysis proved to be the catalyst for the adoption of systematic reviewing within the social sciences, and many of the features are relevant to political studies.”
BackgroundKim, S.-Y., Yoo, E.-Y., Jung, M.-Y., Park, S.-H., & Park, J.-H. (2012) · NeuroRehabilitation: An International, Interdisciplinary Journal · doi:10.3233/nre-2012-0779 · Cited by 70
The Effects of Extensive Reading on English Vocabulary Learning: A Meta-analysis
Liu, J., & Zhang, J. (2018) · English Language Teaching · doi:10.5539/elt.v11n6p1 · Cited by 67
“According to Glass (1976), meta–analysis is “the statistical analysis of a large collection of analysis results from individual studies for the purpose of integrating the findings” (p. 3).”
MethodFoundations of multicultural psychology: Research to inform effective practice.
Smith, T. B., & Trimble, J. E. (2016) · doi:10.1037/14733-000 · Cited by 132
“(Glass, 1976, p. 3) Meta-analysis aggregates quantitative data to provide a descriptive summary of the results.”
BackgroundReflections on the history of systematic reviews
Clarke, M., & Chalmers, I. (2018) · BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjebm-2018-110968 · Cited by 81
Shi, Y., Yang, H., MacLeod, J., Zhang, J., & Yang, H. H. (2020) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.1177/0735633119881477 · Cited by 62
“Meta-analysis is a quantitative statistical method for synthesizing and integrating descriptive statistics reported in multiple relevant published and unpublished primary research testing the same conceptual question and hypothesis (Glass, 1976; Hedges & Olkin, 1985).”
MethodCorrelational meta-analysis: independent and nonindependent cases.
Tracz, S. M., Elmore, P. B., & Pohlmann, J. T. (1992) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164492052004007 · Cited by 56
Frank, R. W., & Martínez i Coma, F. (2023) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-021-09720-y · Cited by 56
“…means of evaluating a literature’s lessons is a meta-analysis, which basically assesses whether (or not) an independent variable affects a dependent variable.6 A meta-analysis, or an “analysis of analyses” (Glass, 1976, p. 3), normally employs two procedures: “vote-counting” and “combined tests.””
Guidelines for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses
Rubio-Aparicio, M., Sánchez-Meca, J., Marín-Martínez, F., & López-López, J. A. (2018) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.34.2.320131 · Cited by 56
“Since Glass (1976) coined the term meta-analysis to refer to this research methodology, meta-analyses have been gaining popularity in many different research areas such as psychology, education, and health care.”
BackgroundThe use of meta-analysis in MIS research: promises and problems
Hwang, M. I. (1996) · ACM SIGMIS Database: the DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems · doi:10.1145/264417.264433 · Cited by 56
ViPAR: a software platform for the Virtual Pooling and Analysis of Research Data.
Carter, K. W., Carter, K., Francis, R., Bresnahan, M., Gissler, M., Grønborg, T., Gross, R., Gunnes, N., Hammond, G., Hornig, M., et al. (2016) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyv193 · Cited by 51
Information retrieval for ecological syntheses
Bayliss, H. R., & Beyer, F. R. (2015) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.1120 · Cited by 45
“…was first proposed in the 1970s to describe a method for combining primary experimental results from the psychotherapy and educational literature (Glass, 1976; Smith and Glass, 1977), although many others had combined results of individual studies together previously (Chalmers et al., 2002).”
MethodHadjistavropoulos, H. D., McCall, H. C., Thiessen, D. L., Huang, Z., Carleton, R. N., Dear, B. F., & Titov, N. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/27610 · Cited by 42
“Some researchers have recommended calculating Hedges g using the SD of the control or pretreatment group instead of the pooled SD when pretreatment and posttreatment SDs are unequal [56].”
Shah, A., Jones, M. P., & Holtmann, G. J. (2020) · Indian Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1007/s12664-020-01107-x · Cited by 39
The effect of rater accountability on performance ratings: a meta-analytic review
Harari, M. B., & Rudolph, C. W. (2017) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2016.09.007 · Cited by 38
Machine learning techniques for the automation of literature reviews and systematic reviews in EFSA
Jaspers, S., De Troyer, E., & Aerts, M. (2018) · EFSA Supporting Publications · doi:10.2903/sp.efsa.2018.en-1427 · Cited by 36
“As such, the term meta-analysis is used to refer to an analysis of analyses (Glass, 1976).”
MethodApplication of meta-analysis in reviewing occupational cohort studies.
Wong, O., & Raabe, G. K. (1996) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oem.53.12.793 · Cited by 34
Kaufmann, E., Reips, U.-D., & Maag Merki, K. (2016) · Zeitschrift für Psychologie · doi:10.1027/2151-2604/a000251 · Cited by 31
Sánchez-Meca, J., & Marín-Martínez, F. (2010) · International Encyclopedia of Education · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-044894-7.01345-2 · Cited by 31
Tablets for teaching and learning: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Tamim, R., Borokhovski, E., Pickup, D., Bernard, R. M., & Saadi, L. E. (2015) · Commonwealth of Learning · doi:10.13140/rg.2.1.3670.5042 · Cited by 31
Is There a Gender Difference in Cyber-Victimization?: A Meta-Analysis
Sun, S., & Fan, X. (2018) · Journal of Media Psychology · doi:10.1027/1864-1105/a000185 · Cited by 30
Systematic reviews: Work that needs to be done and not to be done
Adams, C. E., Polzmacher, S., & Wolff, A. (2013) · Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine · doi:10.1111/jebm.12072 · Cited by 28
Environmentally Influenced Urbanisation: Footprints Bound for Town?
Morinière, L. (2012) · Urban Studies · doi:10.1177/0042098011402233 · Cited by 28
Quality assessment of meta-analyses of RCTs of pharmacotherapy in major depressive disorder.
Hemels, M. E. H., Vicente, C., Sadri, H., Masson, M. J., & Einarson, T. R. (2004) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/030079904125003197 · Cited by 23
“The MAs had to meet the following inclusion criteria: (1) MAs of RCTs, (2) included patients diagnosed with MDD using any standard diagnostic tool (e.”
BackgroundInfluentialRubin, A., & Yu, M. (2017) · Social Work Research · doi:10.1093/swr/svx011 · Cited by 19
A meta-analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on student achievement
Storey, N., & Zhang, Q. (2024) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2024.100624 · Cited by 18
Maas, C. J. M., Hox, J. J., & Lensvelt-Mulders, G. J. L. M. (2004) · Quality and Quantity · doi:10.1023/b:ququ.0000043125.43736.c4 · Cited by 18
Wang, X.-M., Wang, J.-L., Xu, S.-Y., & Xu, S.-J. (2025) · International Journal of STEM Education · doi:10.1186/s40594-025-00554-2 · Cited by 14
“Meta-analysis is a statistical technique for quantitatively and comprehensively analyzing a large body of prior research on a given topic (Glass, 1976).”
Cuevas, I., Mateos, M., Martín, E., Luna, M., & Martín, A. (2016) · Journal of Writing Research · doi:10.17239/jowr-2016.08.02.02 · Cited by 14
Standardized Effect Sizes and Image-Based Meta-Analytical Approaches for fMRI Data
Bossier, H., Nichols, T. E., & Moerkerke, B. (2019) · doi:10.1101/865881 · Cited by 14
“Usually, δ is estimated using Glass’s estimator (Glass, 1976) or similarly for a one-sample case using Cohen’s d (Cohen, 1988): where S corresponds to the square root of the unbiased estimator for the sampling variability.”
MethodLittell, J. H., & Shlonsky, A. (2011) · Clinical Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10615-010-0308-z · Cited by 13
“Methods of research synthesis have come a long way since Glass (1976) coined the term “meta-analysis” to describe the statistical combination of data from multiple studies.”
BackgroundRandom or Fixed? An Empirical Examination of Meta-Analysis Model Choices
Slaney, K. L., Tafreshi, D., & Hohn, R. (2018) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/gpr0000140 · Cited by 13
“…providing more precise effect size and confident interval estimates, more powerful hypothesis tests, and the possibility of exploring and explaining differences among the findings of individual studies (Egger, Schneider, & Davey Smith, 1998; Egger & Smith, 1997; Glass, 1976; Smith & Glass, 1977).”
BackgroundLee, J. Y., & Woo, S. H. (2019) · The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics · doi:10.1016/j.ajsl.2019.12.006 · Cited by 11
El Ansari, W., AlRumaihi, K., El-Ansari, K., Arafa, M., Elbardisi, H., Majzoub, A., Shamsodini, A., & Al Ansari, A. (2023) · Arab Journal of Urology · doi:10.1080/2090598x.2022.2113127 · Cited by 6
Washburn, M., Yu, M., Rubin, A., & Zhou, S. (2021) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1177/1357633x211009647 · Cited by 5
Practical Application of Nonrandomized Research to Patient Care: A Case Study of Nesiritide
Winegardner, M. L., Reaume, K. T., Dabaja, G. S., & Kalus, J. S. (2007) · Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy · doi:10.1592/phco.27.1.143 · Cited by 2
Benchmarks for Group Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: Tools for Social Work Professionals.
Washburn, M., Yu, M., & Rubin, A. (2022) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/10497315221105470
Meta-analysis: pitfalls and hints.
(2013) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 298
(2002) · Cited by 148
Metadata
- Authors
- GLASS, G. V.
- Affiliations
- Laboratory of Educational Research University of Colorado
- Corresponding author
- GLASS, GENE V
- ORCID
- GLASS, GENE V
- Venue
- Educational Researcher
- Published
- 1976-11
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 3-8
- ISSN
- 0013-189X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-102X
- OpenAlex
- W1982070737
- Cited by
- 4,890
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 127 · 2025: 148 · 2024: 127 · 2023: 171 · 2022: 205 · 2021: 239 · 2020: 220 · 2019: 214 · 2018: 196 · 2017: 160 · 2016: 213 · 2015: 225 · 2014: 187 · 2013: 198 · 2012: 181
- FWCI
- 1.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Educational Researcher (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Social Sciences › Education › Educational Research and Methods
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychology Research and Bibliometrics
- Keywords
- primary research, secondary research, meta-analysis, evidence synthesis
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