Cited by 4,890Meta-analysis and systematic reviewsEducational Research and MethodsPsychology Research and Bibliometrics

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Primary, Secondary, and Meta-Analysis of Research

GLASS, GENE V·1976·Educational Researcher

DOI 10.3102/0013189x005010003

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Review of Educational Research.
Good, H. G. (1924) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0064223 · Cited by 1,223
The study of teaching
Dunkin, M. J., & Biddle, B. J. (1974) · Cited by 1,102
Response Effects in Surveys: A Review and Synthesis.
King, B. F., Sudman, S., & Bradburn, N. M. (1976) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2285784 · Cited by 644
On Equality of Educational Opportunity.
Milner, M., Mosteller, F. C., & Moynihan, D. P. (1973) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2062443 · Cited by 526
Accumulating Evidence: Procedures for Resolving Contradictions among Different Research Studies
Light, R., & Smith, P. (1971) · Harvard Educational Review · doi:10.17763/haer.41.4.437714870334w144 · Cited by 444
The Effectiveness of Alternative Instructional Media: A Survey
Jamison, D. T., Suppes, P., & Wells, S. J. (1974) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543044001001 · Cited by 264
The Research Evidence on the Effects of Grade Retention
Jackson, G. B. (1975) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543045004613 · Cited by 217
Experimental Factors Related to Aptitude-Treatment Interactions
Bracht, G. H. (1970) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543040005627 · Cited by 201
The Disadvantaged Child
Allen, V. L., & Deutsch, M. (1969) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.2307/1161904 · Cited by 197
The Research Evidence on the Effects of Grade Retention
Jackson, G. B. (1975) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.2307/1170067 · Cited by 167

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“According to the guidelines for meta-analysis in SE ( Cruzes and Dyba, 2010 ; Miller, 20 0 0 ; Glass, 1976 ), we did not see any major issue when aggregating data from these multiple sources.”
Influential
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“”(17) Systematic reviews (SRs) in health care have gone in numbers, size, and methodology well beyond what was first explored in the 1970s in the social sciences.(18,19) The success of the Cochrane Colaboration has led to the establishment of the Campbell Colaboration,(20) which focuses on “preparing, maintaining and…”
Background
Implementation Problems in Meta-Analysis
Abrami, P. C., Cohen, P. A., & d’Apollonia, S. (1988) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543058002151 · Cited by 118
Disturbed by Meta-Analysis?
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Study of race effects in objective indices and subjective evaluations of performance: A meta-analysis of performance criteria.
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Self-Esteem of Children and Adolescents with Physical Disabilities: Quantitative Evidence from Meta-Analysis
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“The fixed effect model (Glass, 1976) was used if the study effects were homogeneous, that is, consistent and free from sampling errors and systematic differences among studies.”
Method
Re-exploring game-assisted learning research: The perspective of learning theoretical bases
Wu, W., Chiou, W., Kao, H.-Y., Hu, C.-H. A., & Huang, S.-H. (2012) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2012.05.003 · Cited by 116
Multivariate Meta-Analysis as Structural Equation Models
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“Meta-analysis, a term coined by Glass (1976), is “the statistical analysis of a large collection of analysis results from individual studies for the purpose of integrating the findings” (p.”
Method
Mapping Saldaňa’s Coding Methods onto the Literature Review Process
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“For example, with respect to the analysis of information, optimally, the reviewer should be competent in conducting quantitative-based (e.g., meta-analysis; Glass, 1976), qualitative-based (e.”
Method
Cover crops reduce water drainage in temperate climates: A meta-analysis
Meyer, N., Bergez, J.-É., Constantin, J., & Justes, É. (2018) · Agronomy for Sustainable Development · doi:10.1007/s13593-018-0546-y · Cited by 119
“This method is a quantitative systematic review that makes it possible to study global phenomenon over a wide range of experiments performed under a variety of circumstances (Glass 1976).”
Method
EFFECTS OF TRANSFER ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF COMMUNITY COLLEGE STUDENTS AT THE FOUR‐YEAR INSTITUTION
Diaz, P. E. (1992) · Community Junior College Research Quarterly of Research and Practice · doi:10.1080/0361697920160307 · Cited by 116
Research on Group-Based Mastery Learning Programs: A Meta-Analysis
Guskey, T. R., & Pigott, T. (1988) · The Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00220671.1988.10885824 · Cited by 116
TYPE III FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE INDAPHNIA
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“Secondary analyses (Glass 1976) were conducted using mean clearance rate at each food concentration in each study as the unit of observation.”
Method
Sample size planning for the standardized mean difference: Accuracy in parameter estimation via narrow confidence intervals.
Kelley, K., & Rausch, J. R. (2006) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.11.4.363 · Cited by 116
Systematic Training of Graduate-Level Counselors
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‘You play like a Woman!’ Effects of gender stereotype threat on Women's performance in physical and sport activities: A meta-analysis
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“We followed Hedges and Olkin (1985) approach, an extension of Glass (1976)method.”
Method
Mental symptoms in Parkinson's disease are important contributors to caregiver distress
Aarsland, D., Larsen, J. P., Karlsen, K., Lim, N. G., & Tandberg, E. (1999) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1166(199910)14:10 · Cited by 484
An apology for research integration in the study of psychotherapy.
Glass, G. V., & Kliegl, R. M. (1983) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.51.1.28 · Cited by 113
Self-citation
The Impact of Urban Form on Travel Behavior: A Meta-Analysis
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Assumptions in research in sport and exercise psychology
Hagger, M. S., & Chatzisarantis, N. L. D. (2009) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.01.004 · Cited by 114
“Metaanalyses and systematic reviews have brought such issues to the fore (Chatzisarantis & Stoica, 2008; Cooper, 1990; Glass, 1976; Hagger, 2006; Hagger & Chatzisarantis, in press; Hedges, Shymansky, & Woodworth, 1989; Hunter & Schmidt, 1990).”
Corporate governance and corporate social disclosures: a meta-analytical review
Majumder, M. T. H., Akter, A., & Li, X. (2017) · International Journal of Accounting and Information Management · doi:10.1108/ijaim-01-2017-0005 · Cited by 114
Evaluating Preexisting Qualitative Research Data for Secondary Analysis
Sherif, V. (2017) · Forum qualitative Sozialforschung · doi:10.17169/fqs-19.2.2821 · Cited by 148
“One of the first definitions of secondary analysis is found in the scholarship of Gene GLASS (1976), who describes it as "the re-analysis of data for the purpose of answering the original FQS http://www.qualitative-research.net/ research question with better statistical techniques, or answering new questions with old…”
Background
Valuing wetland ecosystem services based on benefit transfer: A meta-analysis of China wetland studies
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Synthesizing Outcomes: How to Use Research Evidence from Many Studies
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Myth or Measurement: What Does the New Minimum Wage Research Say About Minimum Wages and Job Loss in the United States?
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Fong, G. T., & Nisbett, R. E. (1991) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037//0096-3445.120.1.34 · Cited by 141
Increasing scientific power with statistical power
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Meta-analysis of mock crime studies of the control question polygraph technique.
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“The present study used procedures described by Hunter, Schmidt, and Jackson (1982) and Glass (1976) to perform a recta-analysis of the observed variability in detection rates.”
Method
Improving Literacy Instruction in Kenya Through Teacher Professional Development and Text Messages Support: A Cluster Randomized Trial
Jukes, M., Turner, E. L., Dubeck, M. M., Halliday, K. E., Inyega, H. N., Wolf, S., Zuilkowski, S. S., & Brooker, S. J. (2016) · Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness · doi:10.1080/19345747.2016.1221487 · Cited by 118
“In order to compare effects on different outcomes, all results were standardized by dividing by the control arm SD at each of the follow-up time points (Glass, 1976).”
Systematic review and meta-analysis
Delgado‐Rodríguez, M., & Sillero‐Arenas, M. (2017) · Medicina Intensiva · doi:10.1016/j.medin.2017.10.003 · Cited by 121
Early death and causes of death of people with Down syndrome: A systematic review
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Quantifying Levels of Wasted Time in Construction with Meta-Analysis
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The Effects of Career Education Interventions on Academic Achievement: A Meta‐Analysis
Evans, J. H., & Burck, H. D. (1992) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.1992.tb02173.x · Cited by 112
In‐office treatment for dentin hypersensitivity: a systematic review and network meta‐analysis
Lin, P., Cheng, Y., Chu, C.-Y., Chien, K., Lin, C., & Tu, Y. (2012) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/jcpe.12011 · Cited by 111
“To combine data from different scales, it has been suggested that dividing the mean difference in each study by that study’s standard deviation to create a standardized mean difference which would be comparable across studies (Glass 1976).”
Method
Sequential vs. Simultaneous Lineups: A Review of Methods, Data, and Theory.
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Comparative whole building LCAs: How far are our expectations from the documented evidence?
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Overview, Strengths, and Limitations of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
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A meta-analysis of outcome studies of visual-based instruction
Cohen, P. A., Ebeling, B. J., & Kulik, J. A. (1981) · ECTJ · doi:10.1007/bf02765190 · Cited by 110
Biodiversity monitoring: some proposals to adequately study species’ responses to climate change
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Meta-analysis under the spotlight: Focused on a meta-analysis of ventilator weaning*
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“In contrast with the original data analysis, meta-analysis constitutes a second-order analysis of analyses (1).”
Result
Psychological assessment and treatment of headache: Recent developments and emerging issues.
Blanchard, E. B., & Andrasik, F. (1982) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.50.6.859 · Cited by 110
M
American Counseling Association (2015) · doi:10.1002/9781119221548.ch13 · Cited by 110
Systematic reviews and meta-analysis for the surgeon scientist
Mahid, S. S., Hornung, C. A., Minor, K. S., Turina, M., & Galandiuk, S. (2006) · British Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1002/bjs.5596 · Cited by 109
CDKN2A/p16 Inactivation Mechanisms and Their Relationship to Smoke Exposure and Molecular Features in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer
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A systematic review of interactive information retrieval evaluation studies, 1967–2006
Kelly, D., & Sugimoto, C. R. (2013) · Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.22799 · Cited by 109
The Value and Purpose of the Traditional Qualitative Literature Review
Rozas, L. W., & Klein, W. C. (2010) · Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work · doi:10.1080/15433710903344116 · Cited by 113
Establishing an empirical link between computer-mediated communication (CMC) and SLA: A meta-analysis of the research
Lin, H. (2014) · Language learning & technology · doi:10.64152/10125/44387 · Cited by 109
How Big Are My Effects? Examining the Magnitude of Effect Sizes in Studies of Measurement Equivalence
Nye, C. D., Bradburn, J., Olenick, J. S., Bialko, C. S., & Drasgow, F. (2018) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428118761122 · Cited by 111
Do altmetrics assess societal impact in a comparable way to case studies? An empirical test of the convergent validity of altmetrics based on data from the UK research excellence framework (REF)
Bornmann, L., Haunschild, R., & Adams, J. R. (2019) · Journal of Informetrics · doi:10.1016/j.joi.2019.01.008 · Cited by 109
“Figure 1 shows the results of a meta-analysis (Glass, 1976) based on the correlation coefficients reported in previous studies.”
Result
The effect of national culture on the association between profitability and corporate social and environmental disclosure
Khlif, H., Hussainey, K., & Achek, I. (2015) · Meditari Accountancy Research · doi:10.1108/medar-12-2014-0064 · Cited by 116
“According to Glass (1976) meta-analysis is the statistical analysis of a large set of mixed findings in order to reconcile contradictory results and to draw logical conclusions.”
Result
Accumulating evidence in ecology: Once is not enough
Nichols, J. D., Kendall, W. L., & Boomer, G. S. (2019) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.5836 · Cited by 108
“The term “meta-analysis” has been used in multiple ways, with one definition: “the statistical analysis of a large collection of analysis results from individual studies for the purpose of integrating the findings” (Glass, 1976:3).”
Method
Comparison of Three Meta-Analytic Procedures for Estimating Moderating Effects of Categorical Variables
Aguinis, H., Sturman, M. C., & Pierce, C. A. (2007) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428106292896 · Cited by 108
Gender Differences in Motivational Orientations Toward Achievement in School Science: A Quantitative Synthesis
Steinkamp, M. W., & Maehr, M. L. (1984) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.2307/1162353 · Cited by 108
Sensitivity, bias, and theory in impact evaluations.
Boruch, R. F., & Gomez, H. (1977) · Professional Psychology · doi:10.1037/0735-7028.8.4.411 · Cited by 108
A Meta-Analytic Reassessment of the Effects of Inequality on Growth
Neves, P., Afonso, Ó., & Silva, S. (2016) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.10.038 · Cited by 103
“This is our central measure of the effect size (Glass, 1976), as it measures the direction and the magnitude of the effect of inequality on growth, after controlling for other growth determinants.”
Background
Government Support and Charitable Donations: A Meta-Analysis of the Crowding-out Hypothesis
de Wit, A., & Bekkers, R. (2016) · Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory · doi:10.1093/jopart/muw044 · Cited by 107
Confidence Intervals for the Probability of Superiority Effect Size Measure and the Area Under a Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve
Ruscio, J., & Mullen, T. (2012) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2012.658329 · Cited by 107
Computing Correct Confidence Intervals for ANOVA Fixed- and Random-Effects Effect Sizes
Fidler, F. M., & Thompson, B. (2001) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164401614003 · Cited by 107
Common Factors in Psychotherapy Outcome: Meta-Analytic Findings and Their Implications for Practice and Research
Drisko, J. W. (2004) · Families in Society The Journal of Contemporary Social Services · doi:10.1606/1044-3894.239 · Cited by 114
“About 25 years ago another empirical approach called meta-analysis was introduced by Glass (1976). Meta-analysis is an empirical approach to summarizing the results of multiple studies.”
Background
Effect of desensitizing toothpastes on dentine hypersensitivity: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Hu, M., Zheng, G., Zhang, Y.-D., Yan, X., Li, X.-C., & Lin, H. R. (2018) · Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2018.05.012 · Cited by 106
Effects of digital games on student motivation in mathematics: A meta‐analysis in K‐12
Fadda, D., Pellegrini, M., Vivanet, G., & Zandonella Callegher, C. (2022) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12618 · Cited by 135
Evaluation of the formocresol versus mineral trioxide aggregate primary molar pulpotomy: a meta-analysis
Li, P., Ye, L., Tan, H. S., & Zhou, X. (2006) · Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology Oral Radiology and Endodontology · doi:10.1016/j.tripleo.2006.05.017 · Cited by 105
Sustainability Condition of Open Innovation: Dynamic Growth of Alibaba from SME to Large Enterprise
Yun, J. J., Zhao, X., Park, K., & Shi, L. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12114379 · Cited by 110
“Meta-analysis as a secondary rather than primary method is applied as a statistical method in medical studies [88] and it is also a useful qualitative research approach for analyzing the history of any firm, organization, businessperson, or agency [89].”
Method
Changes in soil salinity under treated wastewater irrigation: A meta-analysis
Gao, Y., Shao, G., Wu, S., Wang, X., Lu, J., & Cui, J. (2021) · Agricultural Water Management · doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2021.106986 · Cited by 105
The predictive validity of graphological inferences: A meta-analytic approach
Neter, E., & Ben‐Shakhar, G. (1989) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(89)90120-7 · Cited by 105
A meta-analysis of the effects of parent effectiveness training
Cedar, B., & Levant, R. F. (1990) · American Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1080/01926189008250986 · Cited by 105
Meta-analysis of constitutive and adaptive QTL for drought tolerance in maize
Hao, Z., Li, X., Liu, X., Xie, C., Li, M., Zhang, D., & Zhang, S. (2009) · Euphytica · doi:10.1007/s10681-009-0091-5 · Cited by 105
Observational Modeling Effects for Movement Dynamics and Movement Outcome Measures Across Differing Task Constraints: A Meta-Analysis
Ashford, D., Bennett, S. J., & Davids, K. (2006) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.3200/jmbr.38.3.185-205 · Cited by 112
Carbon Abatement Costs: Why the Wide Range of Estimates?
Fischer, C., & Morgenstern, R. D. (2006) · The Energy Journal · doi:10.5547/issn0195-6574-ej-vol27-no2-5 · Cited by 105
Standards of Excellence: U. S. Residents' Evaluations of Local Government Services
Miller, T. I., & Miller, M. A. (1991) · Public Administration Review · doi:10.2307/976601 · Cited by 105
The rebound effect in road transport: A meta-analysis of empirical studies
Dimitropoulos, A., Oueslati, W., & Sintek, C. (2018) · Energy Economics · doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2018.07.021 · Cited by 104
“Meta-analysis is a rigorous statistical approach to synthesise the findings of a narrowly defined collection of primary empirical studies (Glass, 1976).”
Influential
Sixty years of quantitative communication research summarized: lessons from 149 meta-analyses
Rains, S. A., Levine, T. R., & Weber, R. (2018) · Annals of the International Communication Association · doi:10.1080/23808985.2018.1446350 · Cited by 104
“Meta-analysis involves conducting a quantitative summary of a research literature (Borenstein et al., 2009; Glass, 1976; Schmidt & Hunter, 2014).”
Method
The impact of virtual reality on practical skills for students in science and engineering education: a meta-analysis
Yang, C., Zhang, J., Hu, Y., Yang, X., Chen, M. H., Shan, M., & Li, L. (2024) · International Journal of STEM Education · doi:10.1186/s40594-024-00487-2 · Cited by 156
Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM): A Statistical Review of the Literature
Everly, G. S., Flannery, R. B., & Eyler, V. (2002) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1023/a:1016068003615 · Cited by 104
An appraisal of athlete development models through citation network analysis
Bruner, M. W., Erickson, K. T., Wilson, B., & Côté, J. (2009) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.05.008 · Cited by 115
“Meta-analysis (Glass, 1976) is regarded as one of the most rigorous analytical techniques to review the literature.”
Method
School Desegregation and Black Achievement
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Authors: GLASS, G. V.
Affiliations: Laboratory of Educational Research University of Colorado
Corresponding author: GLASS, GENE V
ORCID: GLASS, GENE V
Venue: Educational Researcher
Publisher: American Educational Research Association (AERA)
Published: 1976-11
Volume: 5
Issue: 10
Pages: 3-8
ISSN: 0013-189X (ISSN-L)
1935-102X
DOI: 10.3102/0013189x005010003
OpenAlex: W1982070737
Cited by: 4,890
References: 16
Citations by year: 2026: 127 · 2025: 148 · 2024: 127 · 2023: 171 · 2022: 205 · 2021: 239 · 2020: 220 · 2019: 214 · 2018: 196 · 2017: 160 · 2016: 213 · 2015: 225 · 2014: 187 · 2013: 198 · 2012: 181
FWCI: 1.60
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Educational Researcher (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Social Sciences › Education › Educational Research and Methods
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychology Research and Bibliometrics
Keywords: primary research, secondary research, meta-analysis, evidence synthesis

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