Cited by 4,890Meta-analysis and systematic reviewsEducational Research and MethodsPsychology Research and Bibliometrics

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Primary, Secondary, and Meta-Analysis of Research

GLASS, GENE V·1976·Educational Researcher

DOI 10.3102/0013189x005010003

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On Equality of Educational Opportunity.
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The Research Evidence on the Effects of Grade Retention
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“Glass (2000) sustained that only the comparison of different things is “worthy of true scientists” and the comparison of equivalent things “is trivial.”
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“In some cases, effect size was estimated from other statistics using procedures suggested by Glass et al. (1981).”
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“standardized mean difference (SMD) is defined as [19]”
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“Effect sizes (ES) were calculated by the formula for g' proposed by Glass (1976); this involved subtracting the mean self-concept scores of average children from the mean for gifted children and dividing by the standard deviation of the scores for the average group.”
Method
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“However, in its traditional usage the term represents the method of “(. . .) the statistical analysis of a large collection of analysis results from individual studies for the purpose of integrating the ﬁndings” (Glass, 1976, p. 3).”
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“It is a statistical analysis used to combine the analysis results obtained from a number of individual studies on a similar subject (Boren-stein et al. 2009; Glass 1976).”
Method
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“(Insert table 1 about here) Glass (1976) recommends applying the meta-analysis on a vast literature to extract knowledge from convoluted and critical research studies.”
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“Furthermore, narrative reviews lack acceptable rules of inference to go from the findings of studies to the overall generalizations of the research literature and they are not well suited to testing for moderating effects (Glass 1976; Hunter and Schmidt 1990, Rosenthal 1991).”
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Background
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“All four resorted to a qualitative method of analysis that Glass (1976) called a secondary level of analysis.”
BackgroundMethod
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“The meta-analysis framework was first introduced by Glass (1976).”
Method
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Background
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Background
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Method
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“Some researchers argue that meta-analysis merely provides a description and summary review of extant studies in a field (e.g., Glass, 1976; Glass et al., 1981; Guzzo et al., 1987; Hoyle, 1993; Sohn, 1996) but is not ideally suited for theory development and scientific discovery (e.g., Chow, 1987;…”
BackgroundMethod
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“Meta-analysis is de ﬁ ned as bringing quantitative studies ’ statistical results together systematically (Borenstein, Hedges, Higgins, & Rothstein, 2009; Glass, 1976).”
Method
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Patterns of medicinal plant use by inhabitants of Brazilian urban and rural areas: A macroscale investigation based on available literature
de Medeiros, P. M., Ladio, A. H., & Albuquerque, U. P. (2013) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.026 · Cited by 120
“Therefore, to provide greater analytical power to a quantitative review, we proposed the use of a systematic review and meta-analysis (Glass, 1976) to check for similarities and differences in the ways different people use plant species.”
Method
Semisupervised Multitask Learning
Liu, Q., Liao, X., Li, H., Stack, J. R., & Carin, L. (2008) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2008.296 · Cited by 120
Strengths and Limitations of Meta-Analysis
Lee, Y. H. (2019) · Korean Journal of Medicine · doi:10.3904/kjm.2019.94.5.391 · Cited by 136
A Method for Meta-Analysis of Epidemiological Studies
Einarson, T. R., Leeder, J. S., & Koren, G. (1988) · Annals of Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1177/106002808802201021 · Cited by 120

Authors: GLASS, G. V.
Affiliations: Laboratory of Educational Research University of Colorado
Corresponding author: GLASS, GENE V
ORCID: GLASS, GENE V
Venue: Educational Researcher
Publisher: American Educational Research Association (AERA)
Published: 1976-11
Volume: 5
Issue: 10
Pages: 3-8
ISSN: 0013-189X (ISSN-L)
1935-102X
DOI: 10.3102/0013189x005010003
OpenAlex: W1982070737
Cited by: 4,890
References: 16
Citations by year: 2026: 127 · 2025: 148 · 2024: 127 · 2023: 171 · 2022: 205 · 2021: 239 · 2020: 220 · 2019: 214 · 2018: 196 · 2017: 160 · 2016: 213 · 2015: 225 · 2014: 187 · 2013: 198 · 2012: 181
FWCI: 1.60
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Educational Researcher (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Social Sciences › Education › Educational Research and Methods
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychology Research and Bibliometrics
Keywords: primary research, secondary research, meta-analysis, evidence synthesis

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