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Primary, Secondary, and Meta-Analysis of Research
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“this study strictly followed the meta-analysis criteria proposed by Glass (1976)”
From A study of the impact of project-based learning on student learning effects: a meta-analysis study (2023) · cites this paper as Glass (1976)
In the citing paper
“In comparison to the narrative review i.e., traditional way of drawing common inferences from the related studies, metaanalysis provides relatively unbiased, rigorous, and trustworthy (Glass 1976; Sharma and Yetton 2003) inferences.”
From Re-examining the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT): Towards a Revised Theoretical Model (2019) · cites this paper as Glass 1976
In the citing paper
“Meta-analysis enables results from multiple studies (Glass 1976; Hunter and Schmidt 1990; Rana et al. 2015a; Wu and Du 2012; Wu and Lederer 2009) to be accumulated for estimates of the true effect sizes of relationships.”
From Re-examining the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT): Towards a Revised Theoretical Model (2019) · cites this paper as Glass 1976
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“Meta-analysis is a method to integrate such results across previously conducted independent studies (Glass, 1976).”
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“Introduction Although the roots of meta-analytic methodology reach back further in time than the conception of the term “meta-analysis” itself (Chalmers, Hedges, & Cooper, 2002; Glass, 1976), most of the research conducted in developing this technique has taken place during the last two decades.”
BackgroundSystematic Reviews: Rationale for systematic reviews
Mulrow, C. D. (1994) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.309.6954.597 · Cited by 1,677
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“In order to determine the magnitude of the relation between SES and academic achievement, and to investigate the factors that contribute to the variance in previously reported correlations between these two variables, meta-analysis techniques for integrating research findings originally proposed by Glass (1976) were u…”
MethodOne Hundred Years of Social Psychology Quantitatively Described
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“These involve the use of techniques of meta-analysis (Glass, 1976; Rosenthal, 1984), described next.”
MethodJob satisfaction and job performance: A meta-analysis.
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“Metaanalysis is the most widely used and accepted technique to conduct collective analyses of disparate studies to identify general patterns (Glass 1976; Rosenthal 1991).”
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“Keywords: meta-analysis, structural equation modeling, three-level model, maximum likelihood, R statistical environment Glass (1976) coined the term “meta-analysis” to describe “the statistical analysis of a large collection of analysis results from individual studies for the purpose of integrating…”
MethodValidity and utility of alternative predictors of job performance.
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“Simply put, the usual approach consists of aggregating the results of studies in a narrative manner sometimes referred to as a box-score or vote-count approach (Glass 1976).”
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“The effect size is calculated by dividing the difference between the means of the groups by the standard deviation (Glass, 1976).”
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“T h e exact n u m b e r necessary is uncer ta in ; however , Box and J en k i n s (1976) r e c o m m e n d e d 100 data po in t s , while G o t t m a n and Glass (1978) r e c o m m e n d e d 50. Even Kazdin ' s (1976) "rule of t h u m b , " tha t 10 da ta p o i n t s p e r phase are minimal , specifies a condi t ion r…”
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“Techniques for statistical pooling of quantitative data continued to develop throughout the 20th century, particularly in the fields of psychology and education studies, and were eventually christened with the term ‘meta-analysis’ during the mid-1970s by Glass (1976).”
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Closing the Gap between Methodologists and End-Users: R as a Computational Back-End
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“…disciplines, including the natural sciences, such as physics, astronomy (Airy 1875) and ecology (Osenberg, Sarnelle, and Goldberg 1999), as well as medicine (Simpson and Pearson 1904; Fisher 1925), epidemiology (Stroup et al. 2000), psychology (Glass 1976), and education (Kulik and Kulik 1989).”
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“When such methods are applied to a set of different experiments (or studies) they are labeled as meta-analyses (Glass, 1976).”
Method9: Integrating Findings: The Meta-Analysis of Research
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Self-citationCohen, P. A. (1981) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543051003281 · Cited by 819
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Scientific Guidelines for Conducting Integrative Research Reviews
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The economic value of wetland services: a meta-analysis
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“non-market valuation First used by psychologists ( Glass, 1976;”
BackgroundMethodDoes Team Training Improve Team Performance? A Meta-Analysis
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School-Based Adolescent Drug Prevention Programs: 1998 Meta-Analysis
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Systematic reviews and meta-analysis: Understanding the best evidence in primary healthcare
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A systematic review and scientific critique of methodology in modern urban heat island literature
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“Each sample report was graded and ranked by a conventional ‘vote count’ procedure in which points were awarded for passing a criterion and no points for failing a criterion (Glass, 1976).”
MethodHong, Q. N., Pluye, P., Bujold, M., & Wassef, M. (2017) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-017-0454-2 · Cited by 754
“Secondary analysis is used to designate the reanalysis of primary data to answer new questions [52] Table 1 Typology of synthesis designs suggested in the literature”
MethodGender and attitudes toward technology use: A meta-analysis
Cai, Z., Fan, X., & Du, J. (2017) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2016.11.003 · Cited by 728
Publication bias and clinical trials
Dickersin, K., Chan, S., Chalmersx, T. C., Sacks, H. S., & Smith, H. (1987) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(87)90155-3 · Cited by 715
A meta-analysis of the correlates of role conflict and ambiguity.
Fisher, C. D., & Gitelson, R. (1983) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.68.2.320 · Cited by 444
“, 1982), would mean that the relationship of interest is stronger the higher the age of the sample Glass (1977) has suggested coding as many study characteristics as possible and then trying each as a moderator.”
BackgroundThe Relationship Between Self and Achievement/Performance Measures
Hansford, B. C., & Hattie, J. A. (1982) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543052001123 · Cited by 741
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Metadata
- Authors
- GLASS, G. V.
- Affiliations
- Laboratory of Educational Research University of Colorado
- Corresponding author
- GLASS, GENE V
- ORCID
- GLASS, GENE V
- Venue
- Educational Researcher
- Published
- 1976-11
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 3-8
- ISSN
- 0013-189X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-102X
- OpenAlex
- W1982070737
- Cited by
- 4,890
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 127 · 2025: 148 · 2024: 127 · 2023: 171 · 2022: 205 · 2021: 239 · 2020: 220 · 2019: 214 · 2018: 196 · 2017: 160 · 2016: 213 · 2015: 225 · 2014: 187 · 2013: 198 · 2012: 181
- FWCI
- 1.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Educational Researcher (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Social Sciences › Education › Educational Research and Methods
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychology Research and Bibliometrics
- Keywords
- primary research, secondary research, meta-analysis, evidence synthesis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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