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Primary, Secondary, and Meta-Analysis of Research
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In the citing paper
“this study strictly followed the meta-analysis criteria proposed by Glass (1976)”
From A study of the impact of project-based learning on student learning effects: a meta-analysis study (2023) · cites this paper as Glass (1976)
In the citing paper
“In comparison to the narrative review i.e., traditional way of drawing common inferences from the related studies, metaanalysis provides relatively unbiased, rigorous, and trustworthy (Glass 1976; Sharma and Yetton 2003) inferences.”
From Re-examining the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT): Towards a Revised Theoretical Model (2019) · cites this paper as Glass 1976
In the citing paper
“Meta-analysis enables results from multiple studies (Glass 1976; Hunter and Schmidt 1990; Rana et al. 2015a; Wu and Du 2012; Wu and Lederer 2009) to be accumulated for estimates of the true effect sizes of relationships.”
From Re-examining the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT): Towards a Revised Theoretical Model (2019) · cites this paper as Glass 1976
Citations
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Matheny, K. B., Aycock, D. W., Pugh, J. L., Curlette, W. L., & Cannella, K. S. (1986) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000086144001 · Cited by 190
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“Meta-analysis refers to the set of statistical tools that enable the combination of evidence from different studies that address the same research question (Glass, 1976).”
BackgroundA Meta-Analysis of Extensive Reading Research
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Consumer ethics: A review and research agenda
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Metatheory, Metamethod, Meta-Data-Analysis: What, Why, and How?
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Growth and yield stimulation under elevated CO 2 and drought: A meta-analysis on crops
van der Kooi, C. J., Reich, M., Löw, M., Kok, L. J. D., & Tausz, M. (2015) · Environmental and Experimental Botany · doi:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2015.10.004 · Cited by 184
“A meta-analysis is a powerful tool to quantitatively evaluate the overall pattern across many independent studies because it combines the results into one measure: the effect size (Glass, 1976; Nakagawa and Cuthill, 2007).”
MethodMisleading Evidence and Evidence-Led Policy: Making Social Science more Experimental
Sherman, L. W. (2003) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716203256266 · Cited by 180
“The lumpers in this instance are those scientists who rely on a single estimate from all available studies taken together, a procedure usually called metaanalysis (see Glass 1976; Cooper and Hedges 1994).”
BackgroundGender Differences in Human Cognition
Richardson, J., Hyde, J., & McKinley, N. M. (1997) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195112917.001.0001 · Cited by 188
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Toward a better understanding of behavioral intention and system usage constructs
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“The studies were included regardless of significant or non-significant findings reported [13].”
BackgroundThe Newcastle–Ottawa Scale for Assessing the Quality of Studies in Systematic Reviews
Gualdi-Russo, E., & Zaccagni, L. (2026) · Publications · doi:10.3390/publications14010004 · Cited by 233
“In particular, meta-analysis—described as “the analysis of analyses” (Glass, 1976)—aggregates and quantitatively evaluates data from prior studies.”
Diffusion and Social Impacts of Personal Computers
Dutton, W. H., Rogers, E. M., & Jun, S.-H. (1987) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365087014002005 · Cited by 177
Developing theory-driven design research
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A meta‐analysis of the effectiveness of telecourses in distance education
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Collectivism, Forgiveness, and Social Harmony
Hook, J. N., Worthington, E. L., & Utsey, S. O. (2008) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000008326546 · Cited by 175
“Narrative descriptions of bodies of literature have been criticized for subjectivity, imprecision, and neglect of important information contained in primary studies (Glass, 1976).”
BackgroundA Critique of Hall's Contexting Model
Cardon, P. W. (2008) · Journal of Business and Technical Communication · doi:10.1177/1050651908320361 · Cited by 174
“This method involves identifying which studies to include in the research, developing a scheme for coding these studies, and then conducting an analysis of the coded data (Cook et al., 1992; Glass, 1976).”
MethodThe Generalizability of Online Experiments Conducted During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Peyton, K., Huber, G. A., & Coppock, A. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Political Science · doi:10.1017/xps.2021.17 · Cited by 174
Buskist, W. F., Cush, D. T., & DeGrandpre, R. J. (1991) · Journal of Behavioral Education · doi:10.1007/bf00957005 · Cited by 173
“A meta-analysis is a statistical procedure in which a large body of data from many individual studies across settings and research designs is integrated to provide a general picture of outcome (Glass, 1976).”
MethodWalton, D. M., Pretty, J., MacDermid, J. C., & Teasell, R. W. (2008) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2009.2765 · Cited by 172
A Synthesis of 1043 Effects of Television on Social Behavior
Hearold, S. (1986) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-543201-6.50005-3 · Cited by 172
ENRICHMENT OUTCOME RESEARCH:A META‐ANALYSIS OF PREMARITAL, MARITAL AND FAMILY INTERVENTIONS
Giblin, P. R., Sprenkle, D. H., & Sheehan, R. (1985) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.1985.tb00619.x · Cited by 172
Tsai, Y.-L., & Tsai, C.-C. (2018) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2018.06.020 · Cited by 164
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“2 Meta-analysis is the statistical analysis of the summary findings of prior empirical studies for the purpose of their integration (Glass, 1976; Wolf, 1986).”
MethodTesting Three Team Training Strategies in Intact Teams
Eduardo Salas, A., Nichols, D. R., & Driskell, J. E. (2007) · Small Group Research · doi:10.1177/1046496407304332 · Cited by 169
“However, it was not until Glass (1976) labeled this perspective as meta-analysis that this approach received the popularity and the currency that it enjoys today.”
BackgroundMethodA Meta-Theory for Understanding Information Systems Within Sociotechnical Systems
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A meta‐analysis of the effects of various science teaching strategies on achievement
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Balancing relevance and excellence: Organizational responses to link research with decision making
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PITFALLS AND PROMISES: THE USE OF SECONDARY DATA ANALYSIS IN EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
Smith, E. (2008) · British Journal of Educational Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8527.2008.00405.x · Cited by 168
“…data sets with novel statistical or theoretical approaches in such a way that: ‘secondary analysis is the re-analysis of data for the purpose of answering the original research questions with better statistical techniques, or answering new research questions with old data’ (Glass, 1976, p. 3).”
MethodThe National Early Literacy Panel
Shanahan, T., & Lonigan, C. J. (2010) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x10369172 · Cited by 213
“Keywords: early childhood; language processes; literacy Since the development of meta-analysis by Gene Glass (1976), there has been an explosion of research syntheses (Hunter & Schmidt, 2004), including the Cochrane Collaboration (www.cochrane.org) and the Campbell Collaboration (www.campbellcollaboration.org) and a s…”
InfluentialManhart, P., Summers, J. K., & Blackhurst, J. V. (2020) · Journal of Supply Chain Management · doi:10.1111/jscm.12219 · Cited by 175
Cardiovascular Function Following Surgical Repair of Pectus Excavatum
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The Social Activity/Subjective Well-Being Relation
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The Role of Ignorance in Intergroup Relations
Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (1984) · Groups in Contact · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-497780-8.50017-6 · Cited by 309
The home observation for measurement of the environment (HOME) scale: A review of research
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Validity generalization results for computer programmers.
Schmidt, F. L., Gast-Rosenberg, I., & Hunter, J. E. (1980) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.65.6.643 · Cited by 166
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Boys and Girls in the Performance-Based Science Classroom: Who's Doing the Performing?
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The Effectiveness of Resistance Training in Children
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Alternative metrics in scientometrics: a meta-analysis of research into three altmetrics
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“The term “meta-analysis” (Glass, 1976) refers to a statistical approach that combines evidence from different studies to obtain an overall estimate of treatment effects.”
MethodEREZ, A., BLOOM, M. C., & WELLS, M. T. (1996) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1996.tb01801.x · Cited by 161
Systematic reviews: gatekeepers of nursing knowledge
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Exercise and obesity: Etiology, physiology, and intervention.
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“Studies were carefully selected and meta-analysis techniques (Glass, 1976)”
MethodA Scoping Review of Digital Game-Based Technology on English Language Learning
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“A meta-analysis is a statistical technique that combines the findings of multiple primary studies (Glass 1976) and is often used in conjunction with systematic review methods.”
MethodBehavioral Management of Recurrent Headache: Three Decades of Experience and Empiricism
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Writing Integrative Reviews of the Literature
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“Metaanalysis uses statistical procedures to summarize a body of separate but similar empirical studies to integrate, synthesize, and make sense of the studies (Glass, 1976).”
MethodMeta‐analysis of magnitudes, differences and variation in evolutionary parameters
Morrissey, M. B. (2016) · Journal of Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1111/jeb.12950 · Cited by 149
Egger, M., Ebrahim, S., & Smith, G. D. (2002) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/31.1.1 · Cited by 160
Tricco, A. C., Soobiah, C., Antony, J., Cogo, E., MacDonald, H., Lillie, E., Tran, J., D'Souza, J., Hui, W., Perrier, L., et al. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.08.030 · Cited by 159
“education, social sciences, and psychology began ad vancing modern meta-analytic techniques in 65 the 1970s [3-7].”
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Nonparametric estimators of effect size in meta-analysis.
Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1984) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.96.3.573 · Cited by 158
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Hedonic models and air pollution: Twenty-five years and counting
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Review of recent research literature on computer-based instruction
Kulik, J. A., & Kulik, C. C. (1987) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0361-476x(87)80027-9 · Cited by 157
“The methodology that we have used in our research syntheses was originally used by Glass (1976), who gave it the name meta-analysis.”
MethodSchlesselman, J. J. (1997) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/12.9.1851 · Cited by 157
“To make any analysis, a term coined by Glass (1976). progress in answering the question, whether by meta-analysis or a traditional narrative review, we need to consider the ‘question’ in greater detail.”
BackgroundMeta-Analysis for Evidence Synthesis in Plant Pathology: An Overview
Madden, L. V., & Paul, P. A. (2010) · Phytopathology · doi:10.1094/phyto-03-10-0069 · Cited by 156
Toward creating competitive advantage with logistics information technology
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“Meta-analysis is often used to assimilate results of existing studies and integrate findings, thus allowing one to draw meaningful conclusions from a large body of research (Glass, 1976).”
BackgroundIs the Media Biased Against Me? A Meta-Analysis of the Hostile Media Effect Research
Hansen, G. J., & Kim, H. (2011) · Communication Research Reports · doi:10.1080/08824096.2011.565280 · Cited by 156
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Fixed- and Random-Effects Models
Kanters, S. (2021) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-1566-9_3 · Cited by 160
The effects of crop diversification on herbivorous insects: a meta‐analysis approach
Tonhasca, A., & Byrne, D. N. (1994) · Ecological Entomology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1994.tb00415.x · Cited by 152
Factors affecting consumers’ mobile payment behavior: A meta-analysis
Liu, Z., Ben, S., & Zhang, R. (2019) · Electronic Commerce Research · doi:10.1007/s10660-019-09349-4 · Cited by 152
“It was derived from Fisher z-transformation and was named by psychologist Glass [23].”
MethodMetagenomics: Concept, methodology, ecological inference and recent advances
Singh, J., Behal, A., Singla, N., Joshi, A., Birbian, N., Singh, S., Bali, V., & Batra, N. (2009) · Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1002/biot.200800201 · Cited by 161
Vellutino, F. R., Scanlon, D. M., Zhang, H., & Schatschneider, C. W. (2007) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-007-9098-2 · Cited by 154
The research we have is not the research we need
Reeves, T. C., & Lin, L. (2020) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-020-09811-3 · Cited by 153
“Meta-analysis was largely unknown in educational technology research until Glass (1976) promoted its value for the educational research community at large.”
BackgroundEfficacy of Early Intervention
White, K. R. (1985) · The Journal of Special Education · doi:10.1177/002246698501900405 · Cited by 153
Chappell, C. A. (2003) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 152
Brander, L., Brouwer, R., & Wagtendonk, A. J. (2013) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2012.12.104 · Cited by 151
Combs, J., Crook, T. R., & Rauch, A. (2018) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/joms.12427 · Cited by 143
Dallora, A. L., Anderberg, P., Kvist, O., Mendes, E., Ruiz, S. D., & Berglund, J. S. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0220242 · Cited by 152
Cahill, M. T., Stinnett, S. S., & Fekrat, S. (2003) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9394(03)00571-3 · Cited by 151
Neri, M., Ugolini, D., Bonassi, S., FUCIC, A., Holland, N., Knudsen, L. E., Šrám, R. J., Ceppi, M., Bocchini, V., & Merlo, D. F. (2005) · Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research · doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2005.04.003 · Cited by 152
EVALUATION OF A CLASSWIDE TEACHING PROGRAM FOR DEVELOPING PRESCHOOL LIFE SKILLS
Hanley, G. P., Heal, N. A., Tiger, J. H., & Ingvarsson, E. T. (2007) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.2007.57-06 · Cited by 149
Mulya, K. S., Zhou, J., Phuang, Z. X., Laner, D., & Woon, K. S. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154903 · Cited by 150
College Programs for High-risk and Disadvantaged Students: A Meta-analysis of Findings
Kulik, C.-L. C., Kulik, J. A., & Shwalb, B. J. (1983) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543053003397 · Cited by 151
Hyperactivity and Diet Treatment
Kavale, K. A., & Forness, S. R. (1983) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/002221948301600604 · Cited by 150
“When means and standard deviations were reported, ES calculation was straightforward but, in the absence of these primary statistics, ES was obtained from solutions to t or F ratios, nonparametric tests, or percentages of improvement (via probit analysis) as outlined by Glass, McGaw and Smith (1981). Thus, these proce…”
BackgroundMethodA meta-analysis of word-finding treatments for aphasia
Wisenburn, B., & Mahoney, K. (2009) · Aphasiology · doi:10.1080/02687030902732745 · Cited by 145
Biondi-Zoccai, G. G. L., Lotrionte, M., Abbate, A., Testa, L., Remigi, E., Burzotta, F., Valgimigli, M., Romagnoli, E., Crea, F., & Agostoni, P. (2006) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.38693.516782.7c · Cited by 149
Consumers’ willingness to pay for renewable energy: A meta-regression analysis
Ma, C., Rogers, A. A., Kragt, M. E., Zhang, F., Polyakov, M., Gibson, F., Chalak, M., Pandit, R., & Tapsuwan, S. (2015) · Resource and Energy Economics · doi:10.1016/j.reseneeco.2015.07.003 · Cited by 149
Long-term remission with allogenic bone marrow transplantation in systemic lupus erythematosus
Gur-Lavi, M. (1999) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/1529-0131(199908)42:8 · Cited by 25
Meta-analysis of consultation outcome studies
Medway, F., & Updyke, J. F. (1985) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/bf00923263 · Cited by 154
“To quantify outcomes we used the Effect Size (ES) defined as the difference between the means of the treatment and control groups divided by the standard deviation of the control group (Christensen & Reick, 1983; Glass, 1976 ).”
MethodCheung, M. W. ‐., & Chan, W. (2009) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705510802561295 · Cited by 150
Visuospatial working memory in specific language impairment: A meta-analysis
Vugs, B., Cuperus, J. M., Hendriks, M. P. H., & Verhoeven, L. T. W. (2013) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2013.05.014 · Cited by 165
A META-ANALYSIS OF GENDER DIFFERENCES IN READING ACHIEVEMENT AT THE SECONDARY SCHOOL LEVEL
Lietz, P. N. (2006) · Studies In Educational Evaluation · doi:10.1016/j.stueduc.2006.10.002 · Cited by 145
Instructional Effects of Cues, Participation, and Corrective Feedback: A Quantitative Synthesis
Lysakowski, R. S., & Walberg, H. J. (1982) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/00028312019004559 · Cited by 145
The Impact of Revenue Diversification on Nonprofit Financial Health: A Meta-analysis
Hung, C., & Hager, M. A. (2018) · Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0899764018807080 · Cited by 157
“Meta-analysis is “the statistical analysis of a large collection of analysis results from individual studies for the purpose of integrating the findings” (Glass, 1976, p. 3).”
MethodAttitudes toward science: A quantitative synthesis
Haladyna, T., & Shaughnessy, J. M. (1982) · Science Education · doi:10.1002/sce.3730660406 · Cited by 145
Ciuffreda, K. J. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 145
Metadata
- Authors
- GLASS, G. V.
- Affiliations
- Laboratory of Educational Research University of Colorado
- Corresponding author
- GLASS, GENE V
- ORCID
- GLASS, GENE V
- Venue
- Educational Researcher
- Published
- 1976-11
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 3-8
- ISSN
- 0013-189X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-102X
- OpenAlex
- W1982070737
- Cited by
- 4,890
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 127 · 2025: 148 · 2024: 127 · 2023: 171 · 2022: 205 · 2021: 239 · 2020: 220 · 2019: 214 · 2018: 196 · 2017: 160 · 2016: 213 · 2015: 225 · 2014: 187 · 2013: 198 · 2012: 181
- FWCI
- 1.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Educational Researcher (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Social Sciences › Education › Educational Research and Methods
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychology Research and Bibliometrics
- Keywords
- primary research, secondary research, meta-analysis, evidence synthesis
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