Cited by 451T-cell and B-cell ImmunologyGenetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model OrganismsImmune responses and vaccinations

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The immune system and aging: a review

Castelo-Branco, Camil, Soveral, Iris·2014·Gynecological Endocrinology

DOI 10.3109/09513590.2013.852531

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Abstract

Abstract The concept of immunosenescence reflects age-related changes in immune responses, both cellular and serological, affecting the process of generating specific responses to foreign and self-antigens. The decline of the immune system with age is reflected in the increased susceptibility to infectious diseases, poorer response to vaccination, increased prevalence of cancer, autoimmune and other chronic diseases. Both innate and adaptive immune responses are affected by the aging process; however, the adaptive response seems to be more affected by the age-related changes in the immune system. Additionally, aged individuals tend to present a chronic low-grade inflammatory state that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many age-related diseases (atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, osteoporosis and diabetes). However, some individuals arrive to advanced ages without any major health problems, referred to as healthy aging. The immune system dysfunction seems to be somehow mitigated in this population, probably due to genetic and environmental factors yet to be described. In this review, an attempt is made to summarize the current knowledge on how the immune system is affected by the aging process.

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Authors: Castelo-Branco, C., & Soveral, I.
Affiliations: Faculty of Medicine, Institut Clínic of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Neonatology, University of Barcelona BarcelonaSpain
Consorci Institut D'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (ES)
ORCID: Soveral, Iris
Venue: Gynecological Endocrinology
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2013-11-12
Volume: 30
Issue: 1
Pages: 16-22
ISSN: 0951-3590 (ISSN-L)
1473-0766
DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2013.852531
OpenAlex: W2027663660
Cited by: 449
References: 97
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 60 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 3
FWCI: 1.37
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Gynecological Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
Keywords: immunosenescence, aging, immune system, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, low-grade inflammation, vaccine response, cancer susceptibility, autoimmune disease, healthy aging, age-related diseases
MeSH terms: Aging, Animals, Endocrine System, Humans, Immune System, Immunity, Innate, Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes, Inflammation, Autoimmunity, Cellular Senescence, Adaptive Immunity

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The immune system and aging: a review

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