The DOI matches its Crossref record; 97 of the 97 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The immune system and aging: a review
Abstract
Abstract The concept of immunosenescence reflects age-related changes in immune responses, both cellular and serological, affecting the process of generating specific responses to foreign and self-antigens. The decline of the immune system with age is reflected in the increased susceptibility to infectious diseases, poorer response to vaccination, increased prevalence of cancer, autoimmune and other chronic diseases. Both innate and adaptive immune responses are affected by the aging process; however, the adaptive response seems to be more affected by the age-related changes in the immune system. Additionally, aged individuals tend to present a chronic low-grade inflammatory state that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many age-related diseases (atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, osteoporosis and diabetes). However, some individuals arrive to advanced ages without any major health problems, referred to as healthy aging. The immune system dysfunction seems to be somehow mitigated in this population, probably due to genetic and environmental factors yet to be described. In this review, an attempt is made to summarize the current knowledge on how the immune system is affected by the aging process.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“As humans age, the immune system evolves from the immature and developing immune responses in infants and children, through to immune function that is potentially optimal in adolescents and young adults, followed by a gradual decline in immunity (particularly adaptive processes) in older people [1].”
From Immune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course (2018) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“Some older people age without any major health problems, known as healthy ageing, and immune system dysfunction appears to be mitigated in this population [1].”
From Immune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course (2018) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“Increased levels of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., tumor-necrosis factor alpha, IL-1, and IL-6 [1,25]) characterize low-grade chronic inflammation in older people, a process known as inflamm-aging [1].”
From Immune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course (2018) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“In older people, functional activity of immune cells such as phagocytes and the intracellular respiratory burst necessary to kill pathogens are reduced [1].”
From Immune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course (2018) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“Many of the most common chronic diseases associated with ageing, such as atherosclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, osteoporosis and diabetes [1], are related to low-grade inflammation [32].”
From Immune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course (2018) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“This is the case in many older people, and these factors may explain why they have a poorer response to vaccines than the young [1,36].”
From Immune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course (2018) · cites this paper as [1]
Citations
Cites
Inflamm‐aging: An Evolutionary Perspective on Immunosenescence
FRANCESCHI, C., BONAFÈ, M., VALENSIN, S., OLIVIERI, F., DE LUCA, M., OTTAVIANI, E., & DE BENEDICTIS, G. (2000) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06651.x · Cited by 5,358
C-Reactive Protein, Interleukin 6, and Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Pradhan, A. D. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.286.3.327 · Cited by 4,433
Changes in thymic function with age and during the treatment of HIV infection
Douek, D. C., McFarland, R. D., Keiser, P. H., Gage, E. A., Massey, J. M., Haynes, B. F., Polis, M. A., Haase, A. T., Feinberg, M. B., Sullivan#, J. L., et al. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/25374 · Cited by 1,893
MacLennan, I. C. M. (1994) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.iy.12.040194.001001 · Cited by 1,795
Neutrophils, from Marrow to Microbes
Borregaard, N. (2010) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2010.11.011 · Cited by 1,679
Evidence for a mitotic clock in human hematopoietic stem cells: loss of telomeric DNA with age.
Vaziri, H., Dragowska, W., Allsopp, R. C., Thomas, T. E., Harley, C. B., & Lansdorp, P. M. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.21.9857 · Cited by 1,132
Inflammatory mediators in the elderly
Krabbe, K. S., Pedersen, M., & Bruunsgaard, H. (2004) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2004.01.009 · Cited by 928
The aging of the immune system
Weiskopf, D., Weinberger, B., & Grubeck-Loebenstein, B. (2009) · Transplant International · doi:10.1111/j.1432-2277.2009.00927.x · Cited by 908
Regulation of human NK-cell cytokine and chemokine production by target cell recognition
Fauriat, C., Long, E. O., Ljunggren, H., & Bryceson, Y. T. (2009) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2009-08-238469 · Cited by 894
Rubtsov, A. V., Rubtsova, K., Fischer, A., Meehan, R. T., Gillis, J. Z., Kappler, J. W., & Marrack, P. (2011) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2011-01-331462 · Cited by 808
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Fenske NA, 1988, Am Fam Physician., 37, 219
- Kim SW, 2007, Acta Otolaryngol Suppl, 558, 90
- Facchini A, 1987, Clin Exp Immunol, 68, 340
- Fulop T, 1985, Clin Exp Immunol, 61, 425
- Villanueva JL, 1990, Dis Markers, 8, 85
- Lansdorp PM, 1994, Blood Cells, 20, 376
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sex differences in immune responses
Klein, S. L., & Flanagan, K. L. (2016) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri.2016.90 · Cited by 6,370
Inflammation in CNS neurodegenerative diseases
Stephenson, J., Nutma, E., van der Valk, P., & Amor, S. (2018) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/imm.12922 · Cited by 966
Epigenetic clock analysis of diet, exercise, education, and lifestyle factors
Quach, A., Levine, M. E., Tanaka, T., Lu, A. T., Chen, B. H., Ferrucci, L., Ritz, B., Bandinelli, S., Neuhouser, M. L., Beasley, J. M., et al. (2017) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.101168 · Cited by 801
“The age-related changes in immune functioning and inflammation are believed to contribute to increased susceptibility of a wide range of diseases later in life, including diabetes, some cancers, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, auto-immune, and infectious diseases [63, 64].”
Impact of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome on Immunity
Andersen, C. J., Murphy, K. E., & Fernandez, M. L. (2016) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.115.010207 · Cited by 701
“However, this change adversely affects immunity in older individuals (96, 100).”
BackgroundImmune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course
Maggini, S., Pierre, A., & Calder, P. C. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10101531 · Cited by 710
Sexual-dimorphism in human immune system aging
Márquez, E. J., Chung, C.-H., Marches, R., Rossi, R. J., Nehar-Belaid, D., Eroglu, A., Mellert, D. J., Kuchel, G. A., Banchereau, J., & Ucar, D. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-14396-9 · Cited by 584
“Using novel systems immunology pipelines, we discovered a genomic signature of aging that is shared between sexes including (1) declines in T cell functions, (2) increases in cytotoxic (NK, memory CD8+ T) and monocyte cell functions.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMalignant transformation of oral leukoplakia: a systematic review of observational studies
Warnakulasuriya, S., & Ariyawardana, A. (2015) · Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine · doi:10.1111/jop.12339 · Cited by 505
Immunology of aging: the birth of inflammaging
Fulop, T., Larbi, A., Pawelec, G., Khalil, A., Cohen, A. A., Hirokawa, K., Witkowski, J. M., & Franceschi, C. (2021) · Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology · doi:10.1007/s12016-021-08899-6 · Cited by 464
“Over several decades, the paradigm was and still is that aging is related to the shrinkage of naïve T cells, which explains why certain diseases are increasing such as infection, cancer are increasing and why older subjects are not able to respond to the vaccination as efficiently as young subjects [49, 50].”
BackgroundKugel, C. H., Douglass, S. M., Webster, M. R., Kaur, A., Liu, Q., Yin, X., Weiss, S. A., Darvishian, F., Al-Rohil, R. N., Ndoye, A., et al. (2018) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1116 · Cited by 367
16S rRNA Next Generation Sequencing Analysis Shows Bacteria in Alzheimer’s Post-Mortem Brain
Emery, D. C., Shoemark, D. K., Batstone, T. E., Waterfall, C. M., Coghill, J. A., Cerajewska, T. L., Davies, M., West, N. X., & Allen, S. J. (2017) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00195 · Cited by 317
“Immune response is known to be affected by age, with a waning in function of the adaptive immune system with increasing age (Weksler et al., 2005; Castelo-Branco and Soveral, 2014) whereas the innate immune system remains relatively intact, providing a rapid but short-lived acute defense against…”
BackgroundNishijima, T. F., Muss, H. B., Shachar, S. S., & Moschos, S. J. (2016) · Cancer Treatment Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.ctrv.2016.02.006 · Cited by 293
“In addition to numeric defects, functional defects have been described, such deficiency in CD28 co-stimulation, upregulation of co-inhibitory immune checkpoints PD-1 and Tim-3 [15], diminution of intracellular signaling important for T-cell activation, decreased cytokine production and IL-2 signaling [16].”
BackgroundStreptococcus pneumoniae’s Virulence and Host Immunity: Aging, Diagnostics, and Prevention
Brooks, L. R. K., & Mias, G. I. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01366 · Cited by 311
The Confluence of Sex Hormones and Aging on Immunity
Gubbels Bupp, M. R., Potluri, T., Fink, A. L., & Klein, S. L. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01269 · Cited by 277
“Comp Biochem Physiol A Comp Physiol (1985) 81(4):935–8.”
BackgroundInfluentialGeographic variation in the aetiology, epidemiology and microbiology of bronchiectasis
Chandrasekaran, R., Aogáin, M. M., Chalmers, J. D., Elborn, J. S., & Chotirmall, S. H. (2018) · BMC Pulmonary Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12890-018-0638-0 · Cited by 278
“The immune system, and potentially the microbiome, also undergoes its own change with age, a process incompletely understood, termed ‘immunosenescence’ [13, 14].”
BackgroundAging and cancer: The role of macrophages and neutrophils
Jackaman, C., Tomay, F., Duong, L., Abdol Razak, N. B., Pixley, F. J., Metharom, P., & Nelson, D. J. (2017) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2017.03.008 · Cited by 251
Sex Differences in Immunity to Viral Infections
Jacobsen, H., & Klein, S. L. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.720952 · Cited by 246
Sellami, M., Gasmi, M., Denham, J., Hayes, L. D., Stratton, D., Padulo, J., & Bragazzi, N. L. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02187 · Cited by 239
“Langerhans cells in the skin and monocyte-derived DCs) and the DCs of lymphoid origin (or plasmacytoid DCs) (128).”
BackgroundInfluentialHuman longevity: 25 genetic loci associated in 389,166 UK biobank participants
Pilling, L. C., Kuo, C.-L., Sicinski, K., Tamosauskaite, J., Kuchel, G. A., Harries, L. W., Herd, P., Wallace, R., Ferrucci, L., & Melzer, D. (2017) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.101334 · Cited by 211
“Several loci are near genes involved in inflammation, an important pathway in the development of biological aging [21].”
BackgroundA hypothesis for pathobiology and treatment of COVID‐19 : The centrality of ACE1 / ACE2 imbalance
Sriram, K., & Insel, P. A. (2020) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.15082 · Cited by 196
Marcos-Pérez, D., Sánchez-Flores, M., Proietti, S., Bonassi, S., Costa, S., Teixeira, J. P., Fernandez-Tajes, J. J., Pásaro, E., Laffón, B., & Valdiglesias, V. (2020) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-020-00247-4 · Cited by 192
Obesity and COVID-19: what makes obese host so vulnerable?
Mohammad, S., Aziz, R., Mahri, S. A., Malik, S. S., Haji, E. M., Khan, A. H., Khatlani, T., & Bouchama, A. (2021) · Immunity & Ageing · doi:10.1186/s12979-020-00212-x · Cited by 186
“Consequently, obesity is assumed to promote premature “aging” of the immune system [92].”
BackgroundInflammatory Markers Change with Age, but do not Fall Beyond Reported Normal Ranges
Wyczałkowska-Tomasik, A., Czarkowska‐Pączek, B., Zielenkiewicz, M., & Pączek, L. (2015) · Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis · doi:10.1007/s00005-015-0357-7 · Cited by 165
“IL-8 is one of the most important chemokines responsible for recruiting circulating neutrophils to a site of infection, e.g., chemotaxis, which is probably not affected by age (Castelo-Branco and Soveral 2014; Franceschi et al. 2000).”
BackgroundInfluentialSex and Gender Impact Immune Responses to Vaccines Among the Elderly
Fink, A. L., & Klein, S. L. (2015) · Physiology · doi:10.1152/physiol.00035.2015 · Cited by 157
Skeletal muscle regeneration and impact of aging and nutrition
Domingues-Faria, C., Vasson, M.-P., Goncalves-Mendes, N., Boirie, Y., & Walrand, S. (2016) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2015.12.004 · Cited by 157
The Oral Microbiome of Denture Wearers Is Influenced by Levels of Natural Dentition
O’Donnell, L. E., Robertson, D. P., Nile, C. J., Cross, L. J., Riggio, M. P., Sherriff, A., Bradshaw, D. J., Lambert, M., Malcolm, J., Buijs, M. J., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0137717 · Cited by 155
Autoimmunity in the Elderly: Insights from Basic Science and Clinics - A Mini-Review
Watad, ., Bragazzi, N. L., Adawi, M., Amital, H., Toubi, E., Katz, B.-S. P., & Shoenfeld, Y. (2017) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000478012 · Cited by 137
Yang, S.-J., Lee, J., Lim, S.-M., Kim, Y., Lee, N., & Paik, H. (2018) · Food Science and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s10068-018-0473-3 · Cited by 135
Sex Hormones and Anticancer Immunity
Özdemir, B. C., & Dotto, G. P. (2019) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-0137 · Cited by 134
Inflammation in cancer: therapeutic opportunities from new insights
Xie, Y., Liu, F., Wu, Y., Zhu, Y., Jiang, Y., Wu, Q., Dong, Z., & Liu, K. (2025) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12943-025-02243-8 · Cited by 148
Calder, P. C., Ortega, E. F., Meydani, S. N., Adkins, Y. C., Stephensen, C. B., Thompson, B., & Zwickey, H. L. (2022) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmac052 · Cited by 133
The Impact of Immunosenescence on Pulmonary Disease
Murray, M., & Chotirmall, S. H. (2015) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2015/692546 · Cited by 125
“Both innate and adaptive arms of immune function are affected [16].”
Influentialten Berge, J. C., Fazil, Z., van den Born, L. I., Wolfs, R. C. W., Schreurs, M. W. J., Dik, W. A., & Rothova, A. (2019) · Acta Ophthalmologica · doi:10.1111/aos.13899 · Cited by 118
Pathology of mouse models of accelerated aging
Harkema, L., Youssef, S. A., & de Bruin, A. (2016) · Veterinary Pathology · doi:10.1177/0300985815625169 · Cited by 105
“The functional changes associated with aging are most prominent in the adaptive immune system and lead to a decline in T and B cell function and reduced proliferative capacity of the bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells with a shift from lymphoid differentiation toward myeloid differentiation.(29,129) Age-related redu…”
InfluentialAge-related sarcopenia and its pathophysiological bases
Ogawa, S., Yakabe, M., & Akishita, M. (2016) · Inflammation and Regeneration · doi:10.1186/s41232-016-0022-5 · Cited by 114
Kverneland, A. H., Streitz, M., Geissler, E., Hutchinson, J., Vogt, K., Boës, D., Niemann, N., Pedersen, A. E., Schlickeiser, S., & Sawitzki, B. (2016) · Cytometry Part A · doi:10.1002/cyto.a.22855 · Cited by 99
“Conflicting results regarding age-dependent subset changes have been reported (28) indicating that immune cell aging is also influenced by factors such as ethnical or environmental variables, requiring methods to standardize and harmonize immune cell profiling (29–32).”
MethodGut Microbiota Interaction with the Central Nervous System throughout Life
Ojeda, J., Ávila, A., & Vidal, P. M. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10061299 · Cited by 112
Deshpande, R. P., Sharma, S., & Watabe, K. (2020) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers12102983 · Cited by 102
Mehany, T., Khalifa, I., Barakat, H., Althwab, S. A., Alharbi, Y., & Sohaimy, S. A. E. (2021) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2021.100891 · Cited by 103
Health Care Utilization and Health Care Expenditure of Nepali Older Adults
Acharya, S., Ghimire, S., Jeffers, E. M., & Shrestha, N. (2019) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2019.00024 · Cited by 96
“Biologically, aging is characterized by a gradual, lifelong accumulation of molecular and cellular degeneration that subsequently leads to a decrease in physiological functions, a compromised immune function, and an increased vulnerability to diseases (35, 36).”
BackgroundAge and Sex: Impact on adipose tissue metabolism and inflammation
Varghese, M., Song, J., & Singer, K. (2021) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2021.111563 · Cited by 100
Role of lncRNAs in aging and age‐related diseases
He, J., Tu, C., & Liu, Y. (2018) · Aging Medicine · doi:10.1002/agm2.12030 · Cited by 88
“Moreover, aging is considered as a low‐grade chronic inflammation state, termed inflammaging, where SASP plays an important role.(255) SASP‐asso-”
BackgroundHong, H., Wang, Q., Li, J., Liu, H. B., Meng, X., & Zhang, H. (2019) · Journal of Cancer · doi:10.7150/jca.30723 · Cited by 89
“There were three major theories which may explain immunosenescence, known as autoimmunity, immunodeficiency and immunodysregulation (6).”
BackgroundVitamin D as a Shield against Aging
Fantini, C., Corinaldesi, C., Lenzi, A., Migliaccio, S., & Crescioli, C. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24054546 · Cited by 100
Immunosenescence and vaccine failure in the elderly: strategies for improving response
Boraschi, D., & Italiani, P. (2014) · Immunology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2014.06.006 · Cited by 86
Age and Periodontal Health—Immunological View
Ebersole, J. L., Dawson, D. R., Emecen‐Huja, P., Pandruvada, S. N. M., Basu, A., Nguyen, L., Zhang, Y., & González, O. A. (2018) · Current Oral Health Reports · doi:10.1007/s40496-018-0202-2 · Cited by 84
Coursey, T. G., Bian, F., Zaheer, M., Pflugfelder, S. C., Volpe, E., & de Paiva, C. S. (2016) · Mucosal Immunology · doi:10.1038/mi.2016.83 · Cited by 82
Shen, X. P., Miao, J., Wan, Q., Wang, S., Li, M., Pu, F., Wang, G., Qian, W. P., Yu, Q., Marotta, F., et al. (2018) · Gut Pathogens · doi:10.1186/s13099-018-0231-3 · Cited by 80
“1090) software was used to identify representative sequences for each operational taxonomic unit (OTU), generated from complete linkage clustering with a 97% similarity against de novo clustered sequences and aligned to the Greengenes database (v201305 [8]).”
BackgroundMethodCOPD as a Disease of Immunosenescence
Cho, W., Lee, C. G., & Kim, L. K. (2019) · Yonsei Medical Journal · doi:10.3349/ymj.2019.60.5.407 · Cited by 79
“Both innate immunity and adaptive immunity are affected by aging.(27) Aging innate immune cells, such as neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells, undergo functional decline in phagocytosis, chemotaxis, their ability to secrete inflammatory cytokine, antigen-presenting capacity, and bacteric…”
BackgroundMcAuliffe, S., Ray, S., Fallon, E., Bradfield, J., Eden, T., & Kohlmeier, M. (2020) · BMJ Nutrition Prevention & Health · doi:10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000100 · Cited by 83
Yakabe, M., Ogawa, S., Ota, H., Iijima, K., Eto, M., Ouchi, Y., & Akishita, M. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0191318 · Cited by 74
The Contribution of Oxidative Stress and Inflamm-Aging in Human and Equine Asthma
Bullone, M., & Lavoie, J. (2017) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms18122612 · Cited by 74
“mechanism for the reduced cytotoxicity of the single cell [113].”
BackgroundInfluentialMárquez, E. J., Trowbridge, J. J., Kuchel, G. A., Banchereau, J., & Ucar, D. (2020) · Immunity & Ageing · doi:10.1186/s12979-020-00183-z · Cited by 73
Stevens, S. L. (2021) · Nursing Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.cnur.2020.10.003 · Cited by 79
Gasmi, M., Sellami, M., Denham, J., Padulo, J., Kuvačić, G., Selmi, W., & Khalıfa, R. (2018) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2017.12.014 · Cited by 68
Tibbs, T., Lopez, L. R., & Arthur, J. C. (2019) · Microbial Cell · doi:10.15698/mic2019.08.685 · Cited by 74
“For cells of the innate immune system, there are reported functional differences for every major cell type [31].”
BackgroundLiu, J., Nile, S. H., Xu, G., Wang, Y., & Kai, G. (2019) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2019.153077 · Cited by 66
Chaichana, P., Jenjaroen, K., Amornchai, P., Chumseng, S., Langla, S., Rongkard, P., Sumonwiriya, M., Jeeyapant, A., Chantratita, N., Teparrukkul, P., et al. (2018) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.17-0998 · Cited by 62
“due to age-related decline of naive B-cell production and impaired memory B cells, leading to a decrease of circulating antibodies(26,43,44) and their functional activities.(45) However, it”
BackgroundWilliams, A. E., José, R. J. P., Brown, J., & Chambers, R. C. (2015) · American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajplung.00141.2014 · Cited by 62
Lim, S. Z., & Chua, E. W. (2018) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.01107 · Cited by 65
“This is due to the dysregulated immune function in elderly patients, leading to their increased susceptibility to infection, malignancies, and other adverse drug reactions (Gavazzi and Krause, 2002; Weng, 2006; CasteloBranco and Soveral, 2013).”
Ingestion, Immunity, and Infection: Nutrition and Viral Respiratory Tract Infections
Govers, C., Calder, P. C., Savelkoul, H. F. J., Albers, R., & van Neerven, R. J. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.841532 · Cited by 71
Microglial response to aging and neuroinflammation in the development of neurodegenerative diseases
Han, T., Xu, Y., Sun, L., Hashimoto, M., & Wei, J. (2023) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.385845 · Cited by 64
“The adverse effects of senescence on the innate and adaptive immune responses decrease the efficacy of vaccination and increase susceptibility to infectious, chronic, autoimmune, and neurodegenerative diseases (Castelo-Branco and Soveral, 2014).”
BackgroundFood nutrients as inherent sources of immunomodulation during COVID-19 pandemic
Vishwakarma, S., Panigrahi, C., Barua, S., Sahoo, M., & Mandliya, S. (2022) · LWT · doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113154 · Cited by 64
“These secretions are carried out by two mechanisms viz. cell cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion and done by two main subpopulations, CD56dimCD16+ NK cells and CD56brightCD16- NK cells (Castelo-Branco & Soveral, 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialSex-Specific Immune Responses in Stroke
Banerjee, A., & McCullough, L. D. (2022) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.122.036945 · Cited by 57
Targeting Immune Senescence in Atherosclerosis
Vellasamy, D. M., Lee, S.-J., Goh, K. W., Goh, B. H., Tang, Y.-Q., Ming, L. C., & Yap, W. H. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms232113059 · Cited by 63
“This leads to an increased release of proinflammatory cytokines (SASP) than anti-inflammatory cytokines, thereby promoting CVD.”
BackgroundInfluentialLepone, L. M., Donahue, R. N., Grenga, I., Metenou, S., Richards, J., Heery, C. R., Madan, R. A., Gulley, J. L., & Schlom, J. (2016) · Journal of Circulating Biomarkers · doi:10.5772/62322 · Cited by 57
“Changes in the immune system with aging are evidenced by the observation that older individuals have a higher prevalence of autoimmunity, chronic diseases and cancer [32].”
BackgroundMethodZeng, W., Chen, L., Xiao, Z., Li, Y., Ma, J., Ding, J., & Yang, J. Y. (2023) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules28020701 · Cited by 56
“The former is associated with cellular immune responses to intracellular pathogens [60], while the latter is an important component of the host’s immune defense system, allowing macrophages to collaborate with other cell types (such as T-lymphocytes and neutrophils) to defend against external damage [61–64].”
BackgroundEl‐Khattouti, A., Hassan, M., & Gómez, C. R. (2015) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2015.00158 · Cited by 57
“immunosenescence affects adaptive and innate immune cells (21).”
BackgroundImmunological alterations in frail older adults: A cross sectional study
Valdiglesias, V., Marcos-Pérez, D., Lorenzi, M., Onder, G., Gostner, J., Strasser, B., Fuchs, D., & Bonassi, S. (2018) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2018.09.010 · Cited by 50
“The alterations that occur with aging, and that compromise the competence of immune system to generate specific responses to internal and external damaging agents, are defined as “immunosenescence” (Castelo-Branco and Soveral, 2014; de Araújo et al., 2013).”
Immunosenescence and lymphomagenesis
Mancuso, S., Carlisi, M., Santoro, M., Napolitano, M., Raso, S., & Siragusa, S. M. (2018) · Immunity & Ageing · doi:10.1186/s12979-018-0130-y · Cited by 54
Duong, L., Radley‐Crabb, H. G., Gardner, J. K., Tomay, F., Dye, D. E., Grounds, M. D., Pixley, F. J., Nelson, D. J., & Jackaman, C. (2018) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2018.00526 · Cited by 55
“Concurrently, elevated levels of antiinflammatory cytokines, such as transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and IL-10, have been reported (Carrieri et al., 2004; Lio et al., 2004; Franceschi et al., 2007; Castelo-Branco and Soveral, 2014), which may regulate the inflammatory aging microenvironment.”
BackgroundCell type–specific immune phenotypes predict loss of insulin secretion in new-onset type 1 diabetes
Dufort, M. J., Greenbaum, C. J., Speake, C., & Linsley, P. S. (2019) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.125556 · Cited by 54
“Immunological characteristics, including relative abundance of peripheral blood leukocyte populations, change with age (37, 38).”
BackgroundMarcos-Pérez, D., Sánchez-Flores, M., Maseda, A., Lorenzo‐López, L., Millán-Calentí, J. C., Strasser, B., Gostner, J. M., Fuchs, D., Pásaro, E., Valdiglesias, V., et al. (2017) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2017.06.021 · Cited by 50
Ninomiya, K., Oze, I., Kato, Y., Kubo, T., Ichihara, E., Rai, K., Ohashi, K., Kozuki, T., Tabata, M., Maeda, Y., et al. (2019) · Acta Oncologica · doi:10.1080/0284186x.2019.1695062 · Cited by 48
“In older people, immune function is generally low compared to that of younger people [14,15], such that elderly patients may benefit little from ICIs.”
BackgroundMuscle Mass and Inflammation in Older Adults: Impact of the Metabolic Syndrome
Buchmann, N., Fielitz, J., Spira, D., König, M., Norman, K., Pawelec, G., Goldeck, D., Demuth, I., & Steinhagen‐Thiessen, E. (2022) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000520096 · Cited by 47
Rabies pre-exposure prophylaxis elicits long-lasting immunity in humans
Mansfield, K. L., Andrews, N. J., Goharriz, H., Goddard, T., McElhinney, L. M., Brown, K. E., & Fooks, A. R. (2016) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.09.058 · Cited by 46
Jimenez, R. V., Wright, T. T., Jones, N. R., Wu, J., Gibson, A., & Szalai, A. J. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00372 · Cited by 46
The immune response to COVID ‐19: Does sex matter?
Ho, J. Q., Sepand, M. R., Bigdelou, B., Shekarian, T., Esfandyarpour, R., Chauhan, P. S., Serpooshan, V., Beura, L. K., Hütter, G., & Zanganeh, S. (2022) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/imm.13487 · Cited by 45
Old plasma dilution reduces human biological age: a clinical study
Kim, D., KIPROV, D. D., Luellen, C., Lieb, M., Liu, C., Watanabe, E., Mei, X., Casaletto, K. B., Kramer, J. H., Conboy, M. J., et al. (2022) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-022-00645-w · Cited by 44
Gendelman, H. E., & Mosley, R. L. (2015) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-015-9639-4 · Cited by 43
“Immunosenescence and inflammation contributes to AD pathogenesis (Candore et al. 2010; Di Bona et al. 2010; Martorana et al. 2012; Michaud et al. 2013; Castelo-Branco and Soveral 2014; Fulop et al. 2015).”
Doulberis, M., Papaefthymiou, A., Pοlyzos, S. A., Bargiotas, P., Liatsos, C. N., Srivastava, D., Zavos, C., Katsinelos, P., & Kountouras, J. (2020) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms8060894 · Cited by 43
Zhang, D., Chen, B., Wang, Y., Xia, P., He, C., Liu, Y., Zhang, R., Zhang, M., & Li, Z. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep25957 · Cited by 42
Wang, X., Bootsma, H., Terpstra, J. H., Vissink, A., van der Vegt, B., Spijkervet, F. K. L., Kroese, F. G. M., & Pringle, S. A. (2020) · Rheumatology · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keaa012 · Cited by 44
Gender differences in vaccine therapy: where are we in COVID-19 pandemic?
Ciarambino, T., Barbagelata, E., Corbi, G., Ambrosino, I., Politi, C., Lavalle, F., Ruggieri, A., & Moretti, A. (2021) · Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease · doi:10.4081/monaldi.2021.1669 · Cited by 41
Varghese, M., Griffin, C. A., McKernan, K. E., Eter, L., Abrishami, S., & Singer, K. (2020) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.102709 · Cited by 40
“Adipose tissue dysfunction in aging affects the immune system function characterized by aberrant chronic low-grade inflammatory response known as “inflammaging” [15].”
BackgroundTang, X., Deng, B., Zang, A., He, X., Zhou, Y., Wang, D., Li, D., Dai, X., Chen, J., Zhang, X., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.940577 · Cited by 39
Gut dysbiosis and age-related neurological diseases in females
Korf, J. M., Ganesh, B. P., & McCullough, L. D. (2022) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105695 · Cited by 43
“As females age and estrogen levels decrease during reproductive senescence, there is a correlative functional decline in immune function, characterized by a persistent increase in proinflammatory factors (Castelo-Branco and Soveral, 2014).”
Associations between saliva and plasma cytokines in cognitively normal, older adults
Parkin, G. M., Kim, S., Mikhail, A. P., Malhas, R., McMillan, L. C., Hollearn, M. K., Granger, D. A., Mapstone, M. E., Yassa, M. A., & Thomas, E. A. (2022) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-022-02292-9 · Cited by 42
“With age, concentrations of sex steroids decline rapidly for females and more gradually for males, paralleling a progressive functional decline in the immune system of both sexes [16].”
BackgroundYuan, F., Essaji, Y., Belley‐Côté, E. P., Gafni, A., Latchupatula, L., Ruo, L., & Serrano, P. E. (2018) · International Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2018.11.016 · Cited by 38
Dementia-associated changes of immune cell composition within the cerebrospinal fluid
Busse, S., Hoffmann, J., Michler, E., Hartig, R., Frodl, T., & Busse, M. (2021) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100218 · Cited by 39
Age-associated changes in innate and adaptive immunity: role of the gut microbiota
Gao, H., Nepovimová, E., Adam, V., Heger, Z., Valko, M., Wu, Q., & Kuča, K. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1421062 · Cited by 41
“Current studies have highlighted a more pronounced in fl uence of aging on the adaptive immune system compared to the innate counterpart (27), and the impairment of immune surveillance will accelerate the accumulation of senescent cells and further expedite the aging process (28).”
BackgroundHurvitz, N., Elkhateeb, N., Sigawi, T., Rinsky‐Halivni, L., & Ilan, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging · doi:10.3389/fragi.2022.1044038 · Cited by 38
“Inflamm-aging is associated with atherosclerosis, dementia, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular changes, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, depression, osteoarthritis, sarcopenia, and cancer (Castelo-Branco and Soveral, 2014; Franceschi et al., 2017b; Franceschi et al., 2018a; Franceschi et al., 2018b; Teodori et…”
Du, L., Liu, Q., Shen, F., Fan, Z., Hou, R., Yue, B., & Zhang, X. (2019) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.101747 · Cited by 35
Nuclear Sirtuins and the Aging of the Immune System
Gámez-García, A., & Vázquez, B. N. (2021) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes12121856 · Cited by 36
“Indeed, this state of chronic inflammation, or inflammaging, is a typical feature of immunosenescence that actively contributes to the deterioration of immune and non-immune tissues [54].”
BackgroundSamad, N., Dutta, S., Sodunke, T. E., Fairuz, A., Sapkota, A., Miftah, Z. F., Jahan, I., Sharma, P., Abubakar, A. R., Rowaiye, A. B., et al. (2021) · Journal of Inflammation Research · doi:10.2147/jir.s307333 · Cited by 38
B lymphocytes in COVID-19: a tale of harmony and discordance
Mansourabadi, A. H., Aghamajidi, A., Dorfaki, M., Keshavarz, F., Shafeghat, Z., Moazzeni, A., Arab, F. L., Rajabian, A., Roozbehani, M., Falak, R., et al. (2023) · Archives of Virology · doi:10.1007/s00705-023-05773-y · Cited by 35
Jiang, P., Gan, M., Yen, S.-H. C., Moussaud, S., McLean, P. J., & Dickson, D. W. (2016) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-016-1542-4 · Cited by 32
“1 3 decline in function of the immune system [44].”
BackgroundZacarias, D. A., Rolão, N., de Pinho, F. A., Sene, I. D. S., Silva, J. C., Pereira, T. D. J. C. F., Costa, D. L., & Costa, C. H. N. (2017) · Tropical Medicine & International Health · doi:10.1111/tmi.12877 · Cited by 33
“Infants have a dominant T-regulatory bias [36, 37], and CD8+ T-cell immunity is impaired to a greater extent in the elderly [38, 39], which may explain the higher parasitemia at the extremes of life.”
BackgroundEpigenetic age acceleration correlates with BMI in young adults
Foster, C., Barker-Kamps, M., Goering, M., Patki, A., Tiwari, H. K., & Mrug, S. (2023) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.204492 · Cited by 37
“Age-related changes in inflammation are believed to contribute to increased risk of a myriad of comorbidities later in life, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and some cancers [26, 27].”
BackgroundEggersdorfer, M. L., Berger, M. M., Calder, P. C., Gombart, A. F., Ho, E., Laviano, A., & Meydani, S. N. (2022) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmac058 · Cited by 35
“As regeneration capacity of cells and tissues decreases with age, barrier function weakens and hence is less efficient at preventing pathogen entry into the body (10).”
Yazgan, S. C., Yekedüz, E., Utkan, G., & Ürün, Y. (2022) · The Prostate · doi:10.1002/pros.24419 · Cited by 32
“Changes in both innate and adaptive immune systems with aging, and chronic low‐grade systemic inflammation causes an increase in the frequency of chronic diseases, especially cancer.(19,20) In the elderly population, inflammatory markers are associated with morbidity and mortality, including all‐cause death.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Castelo-Branco, C., & Soveral, I.
- Affiliations
- Faculty of Medicine, Institut Clínic of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Neonatology, University of Barcelona BarcelonaSpain
- Consorci Institut D'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (ES)
- ORCID
- Soveral, Iris
- Venue
- Gynecological Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2013-11-12
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 16-22
- ISSN
- 0951-3590 (ISSN-L)
- 1473-0766
- OpenAlex
- W2027663660
- Cited by
- 449
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 60 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 1.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Gynecological Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Keywords
- immunosenescence, aging, immune system, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, low-grade inflammation, vaccine response, cancer susceptibility, autoimmune disease, healthy aging, age-related diseases
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Animals, Endocrine System, Humans, Immune System, Immunity, Innate, Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes, Inflammation, Autoimmunity, Cellular Senescence, Adaptive Immunity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
