Psychological distress and loneliness reported by US adults in 2018 and April 2020
Open accessAbstract
This study used national survey data to compare the prevalence symptoms of psychological distress and loneliness among US adults during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in April 2020 vs those reported in the National Health Interview Survey in 2018.
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Rates of psychosocial distress have increased most in the Latino community compared to any other group.
“rates of psychosocial distress have increased most in the Latino community compared to any other group [17].”
From Technology enabled clinical care (TECC): Protocol for a prospective longitudinal cohort study of smartphone-augmented mental health treatment (2021) · cites this paper as [17]
The subgroup results (listed under Methods; page not provided) show serious psychological distress rising among Hispanic adults from 4.4% in 2018 to 18.3% in April 2020. Among adults aged 18–29, it rose from 3.7% to 24.0%—a larger increase both in percentage points and proportionally. The paper therefore does not support the claim that the increase was greatest in the Latino community compared with any other group. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, young adults face elevated risk for depression and anxiety.
“Young adults particularly are at high risk for mental health problems including depression and anxiety during the pandemic [1,2]”
From Increases in loneliness among young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic and association with increases in mental health problems (2020) · cites this paper as [2]
The Results passage reports that serious psychological distress in April 2020 was highest among adults aged 18–29 (24.0%), supporting the elevated-risk claim for young adults. The Methods passage says the study measured psychological distress with the Kessler 6 scale, not depression and anxiety separately, so those specific conditions are not established by this source. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLoneliness prevalence during the COVID-19 pandemic has been reported as either roughly unchanged or modestly higher.
“Some studies suggest the prevalence of loneliness has stayed relatively stable, or increased slightly, during the COVID-19 pandemic [2,4]”
From Increases in loneliness among young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic and association with increases in mental health problems (2020) · cites this paper as [2]
Young adults report the highest levels of loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic.
“with young adults reporting the highest levels.”
From Increases in loneliness among young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic and association with increases in mental health problems (2020) · cites this paper as [2]
The results passage (indexed as Methods |, page unavailable) reports that psychological distress was highest among adults aged 18–29, but gives only an overall loneliness estimate of 13.8%. The paper does not report loneliness by age in the passages found when searching for young adults and age-group loneliness, so the claimed ranking cannot be verified from our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLongitudinal studies that include assessments of mental health before, during, and after COVID-19 restrictions are scarce.
“Longitudinal studies that include assessments of mental health before, during, and after COVID‐19 restrictions are scarce (McGinty et al., 2020)”
From Adolescents' longitudinal trajectories of mental health and loneliness: The impact of COVID‐19 school closures (2022) · cites this paper as McGinty et al., 2020
The Abstract and Methods describe an April 2020 survey compared with separate national data from 2018; they do not assess mental health after restrictions. Searches for longitudinal follow-up and the scarcity of studies covering before, during, and after restrictions found no passage addressing how common such studies are. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
A strength of the present study is that it addresses the absence of longitudinal studies examining the impact of COVID-19 on adolescents.
“Although a strength of the present study is that it addresses the absence of longitudinal studies examining the impact of COVID‐19 on adolescents (McGinty et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020), there are several limitations that must be acknowledged.”
From Adolescents' longitudinal trajectories of mental health and loneliness: The impact of COVID‐19 school closures (2022) · cites this paper as McGinty et al., 2020
The Methods describe a survey of US adults in April 2020 compared with a separate 2018 adult survey. Our copy does not discuss adolescents or whether longitudinal studies of COVID-19’s impact on them were absent (searched: longitudinal studies, adolescents, children, youth). (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDuring COVID-19, people across the globe experienced heightened anxiety and stress due to financial distress, social distancing, quarantining, and stay-at-home orders.
“Apart from the physical toll of the disease itself, people across the globe are experiencing heightened anxiety and stress due to financial distress, social distancing, quarantining and stay-at-home orders.(Li et al., 2020; McGinty et al., 2020; Pierce et al., 2020; Hetkamp et al., 2020)”
From Younger people are more vulnerable to stress, anxiety and depression during COVID-19 pandemic: a global cross-sectional survey (2021) · cites this paper as McGinty et al., 2020
Early evidence from the UK, US, Korea and Australia indicates that younger people have had the greatest increase in rates of psychological distress during the pandemic.
“Early evidence from the UK, US, Korea and Australia indicates that younger people have had the greatest increase in rates of psychological distress during the pandemic.(McGinty et al., 2020; Pierce et al., 2020; Rossell et al., 2020; Jung et al., 2020)”
From Younger people are more vulnerable to stress, anxiety and depression during COVID-19 pandemic: a global cross-sectional survey (2021) · cites this paper as McGinty et al., 2020
The practical impact of the COVID-19 crisis is far greater than the actual number of infection cases or fatalities.
“Therefore, the practical impact of the crisis is far greater than the actual number of infection cases or fatalities [8,9].”
From Psychosocial Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Large-scale Quasi-Experimental Study on Social Media (2020) · cites this paper as [8]
Fear and anxiety about a disease as infectious as COVID-19 can trigger new-onset or exacerbate existing mental illness.
“Fear and anxiety about a disease as infectious as COVID-19 can trigger new-onset or exacerbate existing mental illness [8].”
From Psychosocial Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Large-scale Quasi-Experimental Study on Social Media (2020) · cites this paper as [8]
The COVID-19 pandemic has increased people's mental health expressions on social media.
“The observations reflected that the COVID-19 pandemic has increased people’s mental health expressions on social media, aligning with other contemporary literature and media reports [8,53].”
From Psychosocial Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Large-scale Quasi-Experimental Study on Social Media (2020) · cites this paper as [8]
Data from the United States point to a population increase in psychological distress of 10% compared to 2018 data.
“data thus far from the United States point to a population increase in psychological distress of 10% compared to 2018 data [8]”
From Psychosocial Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Large-scale Quasi-Experimental Study on Social Media (2020) · cites this paper as [8]
Rates of mental health problems may be higher in regions heavily exposed to COVID-19 or among individuals working during the pandemic, with a recent review reporting over 20% prevalence of anxiety.
“These rates may be higher in those regions heavily exposed to COVID-19 or among individuals working during the pandemic, with a recent review reporting over 20% prevalence of anxiety, which is also consistent with our findings [8].”
From Psychosocial Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Large-scale Quasi-Experimental Study on Social Media (2020) · cites this paper as [8]
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Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
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- Per- sonal protective equipment (PPE), including N95 respirators (N95s), is essential for preven- tion of COVID-19. The Cen- ters for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that health care workers dispose of N95s after a single patient encounter. However, it recom- mends N95 extended use (wearing the same N95 for multiple patient encounters) and limited reuse (storing an N95 be- tween encounters for use over multiple encounters) during critical PPE shortages. 2,3 There are limited data regarding N95 reuse and extended use. Existing studies were conducted in laboratories, not clinical environments. 4,5 Inadequate sup- plies of N95s have forced many emergency departments to implement various N95 reuse and extended use policies but without empirical evidence of their effectiveness. We exam- ined the prevalence of N95 fit test failure while reusing 2 com- mon types of N95 masks. Methods | We performed a cross-sectional study of N95 fit at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) emergency department from April 4 to April 6, 2020. We enrolled a con- venience sample of health care workers (physicians, nurses, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and patient care technicians) on their clinical shifts when the researchers Audio · DOI
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“…for Disease Control and Prevention recently reported that, regardless of age, Latinos are four times more likely to contract COVID-19 than their non-Latino White counterparts [16], and rates of psychosocial distress have increased most in the Latino community compared to any other group [17].”
- Authors
- McGinty, E. E., Presskreischer, R., Han, H., & Barry, C. L.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- McGinty, Emma E.
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2020-07-07
- Volume
- 324
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 93
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- PMC
- PMC7270868
- OpenAlex
- W3029122621
- Cited by
- 978
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 57 · 2024: 87 · 2023: 182 · 2022: 225 · 2021: 293 · 2020: 101
- FWCI
- 80.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH109436, P50MH115842)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- psychological distress, loneliness, COVID-19 pandemic, mental health, symptom prevalence, United States adults, pre-pandemic comparison
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, Psychological Distress, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Loneliness, Male, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, Stress, Psychological, Time Factors, United States, Prevalence, Coronavirus Infections, Young Adult, Pandemics
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