Effects on calves less than one month old of feeding or not feeding them during road transport of up to 24 hours.

Knowles, T. G.; Warriss, P. D.; Brown, S. N.; Edwards, J. E.; Watkins, P. E.; Phillips, A. J.

doi:10.1136/vr.140.5.116

Cited by 93Effects of Environmental Stressors on LivestockAnimal Behavior and Welfare StudiesAnimal health and immunology

Effects on calves less than one month old of feeding or not feeding them during road transport of up to 24 hours.

Knowles, T. G., Warriss, P. D., Brown, S. N., Edwards, J. E., Watkins, P. E., Phillips, A. J.·1997·Veterinary Record

DOI 10.1136/vr.140.5.116

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Abstract

Two trials, each involving 56 calves less than one month old, demonstrated that the responses of calves to food and water deprivation during 24 hours of transport were similar to those observed in older cattle and lambs. There was increasing utilisation of body reserves and a measurable increase in dehydration, coupled with an increased loss of liveweight. Feeding 1 litre of glucose/electrolyte solution at eight-hour intervals did reduce the effects of food and water deprivation, but it is suggested that the minor benefits of mid-transport feeding during a 24-hour journey would not justify the disruption that would be caused by unloading and feeding. It would be better to complete the journey in as short a time as possible, providing the calves were carried under suitable conditions. Liveweight and the levels of plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate, non-esterified fatty acids, total protein and albumin had all returned to approximately pre-transport values after 24 hours of recovery. However, the calves had not started to gain in liveweight until some time after 24 but before 72 hours of recovery. The calves did not show the same marked responses in heart rate, plasma cortisol and plasma glucose that are observed in older cattle and in other species. They also appeared to be unable to regulate their body temperature closely, when they were transported during the winter. It is suggested that their lack of response to transport was not because they were unaffected but because they were physiologically unadapted to coping with transport.

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These responses are often greater in calves transported for more than 8 h compared with calves subjected to short-term transport.
“These responses are often greater in calves transported for more than 8 h (Knowles et al., 1997”
From Effects of pretransport diet, transport duration, and type of vehicle on physiological status of young veal calves. (2020) · cites this paper as Knowles et al., 1997
Higher levels of plasma cortisol, NEFA, urea, BHB, packed cell volume, neutrophils, basophils, and total white blood cell numbers are commonly found in calves upon arrival at the veal farm compared with pretransport values.
“Higher levels of plasma cortisol, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), urea, BHB, packed cell volume, neutrophils, basophils, and total white blood cell numbers are commonly found in calves upon arrival at the veal farm (Knowles et al., 1997”
From Effects of pretransport diet, transport duration, and type of vehicle on physiological status of young veal calves. (2020) · cites this paper as Knowles et al., 1997
Body weight losses are more pronounced in calves transported for 24 h than in calves transported for 8 h.
“Regarding metabolism, BW losses were more pronounced in calves transported for 24 h than in calves transported for 8 h (Knowles et al., 1997”
From Effects of pretransport diet, transport duration, and type of vehicle on physiological status of young veal calves. (2020) · cites this paper as Knowles et al., 1997
Knowles et al. (1997) found that unfed calves transported for 24 h lost up to 3.2% of their BW.
“unfed calves that were transported for 24 h lost up to 3.2% of their BW.”
From Effects of pretransport diet, transport duration, and type of vehicle on physiological status of young veal calves. (2020) · cites this paper as Knowles et al., 1997
Extended fasting contributes to weight loss and dehydration, which are associated with an increased risk of disease and mortality on veal farms.
“Extended fasting also contributes to weight loss and dehydration (Knowles et al., 1997), which are associated with an increased risk of disease and mortality on veal farms (Mormede et al., 1982; Renaud et al., 2018a).”
From Effects of pre- and post-transport feeding protocols on the metabolism and physiological status of veal calves. (2025) · cites this paper as Knowles et al., 1997

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Authors: Knowles, T. G., Warriss, P. D., Brown, S. N., Edwards, J. E., Watkins, P. E., & Phillips, A. J.
Affiliations: University of Bristol (GB)
ORCID: Knowles, T. G.
Brown, S. N.
Venue: Veterinary Record
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 1997-02
Volume: 140
Issue: 5
Pages: 116-124
ISSN: 0042-4900 (ISSN-L)
2042-7670
DOI: 10.1136/vr.140.5.116
OpenAlex: W2117246269
Cited by: 93
References: 5
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 5 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 6
FWCI: 3.97
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Veterinary Record (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Effects of Environmental Stressors on Livestock
Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal health and immunology
Keywords: food and water deprivation, glucose-electrolyte solution, dehydration, live weight loss, plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate, free fatty acids, plasma proteins, plasma cortisol, heart rate, thermoregulation, neonatal calves
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Biological, Aging, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Animal Welfare, Animals, Newborn, Behavior, Animal, Blood Glucose, Blood Proteins, Body Temperature, Body Weight, Cattle, Creatine Kinase, Eating, Fatty Acids, Nonesterified, Heart Rate, Hydrocortisone, Skinfold Thickness, Temperature, Time Factors, Transportation, Urea

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Effects on calves less than one month old of feeding or not feeding them during road transport of up to 24 hours.

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