Human cortical prostheses: lost in translation?
Open accessAbstract
Direct brain control of a prosthetic system is the subject of much popular and scientific news. Neural technology and science have advanced to the point that proof-of-concept systems exist for cortically-controlled prostheses in rats, monkeys, and even humans. However, realizing the dream of making such technology available to everyone is still far off. Fortunately today there is great public and scientific interest in making this happen, but it will only occur when the functional benefits of such systems outweigh the risks. In this article, the authors briefly summarize the state of the art and then highlight many issues that will directly limit clinical translation, including system durability, system performance, and patient risk. Despite the challenges, scientists and clinicians are in the desirable position of having both public and fiscal support to begin addressing these issues directly. The ultimate challenge now is to determine definitively whether these prosthetic systems will become clinical reality or forever unrealized.
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- Findingown data
The authors observed fibroblastic tissue encapsulating explanted arrays in some animals.
“We have noted fibroblastic tissue development encapsulating the explanted array in some animals.”
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The shortfall was due in part to changes in individual neuron responses.
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The authors could accurately determine brain state from neural signals in different states.
“We have been able to determine the state of the brain accurately by observing the neural signals in various states.”
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They built a mechanism to switch the prosthetic system on and off automatically.
“In this way, we created a mechanism by which to switch a system on and off automatically.”
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In that study, performance fell about 1.2 bps short of the theoretically predicted level.
“In the above study, we noted that our performance fell short by about 1.2 bps of our theoretically predicted performance.”
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Neuronal firing rates varied depending on when in a trial sequence the responses were measured.
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Simply changing target locations increased performance accuracy by several percent.
“By just altering the location of the targets, we could increase performance accuracy by several percent.10”
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- Findingcitation
The authors' group introduced factor analysis-based algorithms that reduced errors by up to 75% on data from their earlier experiment.
“Our group introduced the use of factor analysis–based algorithms and was able to decrease errors by up to 75% when applied to data from our previous experiment.47”
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- Findingreasoning
That performance is equivalent to typing at about 16 words per minute.
“This is equivalent to typing at a rate of ~16 words per minute.”
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A review of 179 DBS electrode implantations in 109 patients found 16 serious surgery-related adverse events in 14 patients (12.8%).
“A review of 179 DBS electrode implantations in 109 patients noted 16 serious adverse events related to surgery in 14 patients (12.8%).”
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Published reports of hardware-related infections for deep brain stimulators show incidence from 4.5% to 6.1%.
“In published reports of hardware-related infections, the incidence ranges from 4.5 to 6.1%.18,55”
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- Interpretationreasoning
It remains unsettled whether invasive electrode signals are superior to noninvasive signals.
“Though it is generally agreed that the invasive electrodes provide better neural signals and from a smaller group of neurons, it is not settled that such signals are superior.”
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Subdural electrode grids have been associated with infection incidence up to 8.7%, including wound infections (2.5%), meningitis (2.5%), osteomyelitis (0.8%), epidural abscess, and empyema.
“These have been associated with an infection incidence of up to 8.7%, including wound infections (2.5%), meningitis (2.5%), osteomyelitis (0.8%), epdidural abscess, and empyema.28”
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- Interpretationreasoning
Collectively, the reviewed studies provide strong proof-of-concept evidence that cortically controlled motor and communication prostheses are feasible.
“Taken together, these investigations provide compelling proof-of-concept demonstrations arguing that cortically controlled motor and communication prostheses are possible.”
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That review reported 2 perioperative deaths (1.8%).
“There were 2 perioperative deaths (1.8%).”
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Nonhuman primate pathology studies found reactivity and gliosis around implanted electrodes, ranging from mild to concerning.
“Nonhuman primate pathology studies have shown reactivity and gliosis around implanted electrodes ranging from mild to concerning.16,42”
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- Interpretationreasoning
Implanted cortical prosthetics will probably have a similar morbidity profile to DBS.
“Implanted cortical prosthetics will probably incur a similar morbidity profile which further emphasizes the need for a clear clinical benefit as is the case in DBS for movement disorders.”
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Overall, 34% of those bone-anchored hearing aid patients needed revision surgery.
“Overall 34% of the patients required revision surgery.3”
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- Premisecitation
Kennedy and colleagues showed that a communication prosthesis using one or two motor cortex neurons allowed locked-in ALS patients to move a cursor over a virtual keyboard and type messages.
“In the late 1990s, Kennedy and colleagues30,31 demonstrated a communication prosthesi that used one or two neurons from the motor cortex of locked-in human patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis to move a cursor across a virtual keyboard to type out messages.”
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The incidence of permanent injury in that review was 4.6%.
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Many patients with such infections required complete system explantation, losing the benefit of the device.
“Although these infections are treatable, many of the infected patients required complete explantation of the system, resulting in loss of benefit.”
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- Premisenone given
Cortically controlled prostheses have reached proof-of-concept in rats, monkeys, and humans.
“proof-of-concept systems exist for cortically-controlled prostheses in rats, monkeys, and even humans.”
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That work showed for the first time that findings from uninjured nonhuman primates can transfer to human patients with injuries.
“This work was additionally encouraging in that it demonstrated for the first time that studies in normal (uninjured) nonhuman primates could transfer to human patients with injuries.”
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The performance in that human prosthesis matched earlier results with the same electrode array in nonhuman primates.
“Performance was similar to their previous results using the same electrode array technology in nonhuman primates.51”
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- Premisecitation
One human trial participant with the same array technology had recording for over 2 years.
“Over 2 years of recording was reported in 1 human trial participant with the same array technology.24”
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- Interpretationreasoning
No reviewed device has yet reached a performance level likely to be adequate for widespread human use.
“Although none of these devices have demonstrated a level of performance likely to be considered adequate for widespread use in humans, it was high enough to motivate next-generation experiments and technological designs.”
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Most currently reported motor prosthetics operate at roughly 1.0-1.5 bps.
“Most current reported motor prosthetics operate roughly in the 1.0–1.5 bps range (Table 1).”
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- Premisecitation
In one study, mechanically inserted microwire arrays in rat auditory cortex worked for 6 weeks, while manually inserted arrays did not.
“In one study, mechanically inserted microwire arrays in rat auditory cortex functioned for 6 weeks while no manually inserted arrays did.43”
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- Interpretationreasoning
Cortical prosthetic systems will be severely impaired without more durable neural interfaces.
“Without more durable interfaces, cortical prosthetic systems will be severely impaired.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Even with initially high-quality electrode interfaces, the number of electrodes with excellent signal quality will decline over time.
- Interpretationreasoning
These studies established a favorable regulatory groundwork for further translational research.
“These studies set the groundwork for a favorable regulatory environment to pursue more translational research.”
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An initial study of electrode arrays implanted for 3-28 days in resected epileptogenic tissue found no tissue injury or inflammatory response.
“The authors of an initial study of the histological impact of electrode arrays implanted for 3–28 days in resected epileptogenic tissue noted no tissue injury or inflammatory response.64”
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Another study of mechanical implantation of silicon arrays in human brain found mild cortical deformity and small focal hemorrhages several millimeters below the electrode tines.
“The authors of another study investigated the results of mechanical implantation of silicon electrode arrays in the human brain using a commercially available array impactor, and noted mild cortical deformity and small focal hemorrhages several millimeters below the electrode tines, motivating the design of human-specific array impactors.25”
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Several NIH institutes now encourage and fund translational and clinical pilot studies aimed at developing a clinically useful neural prosthetic.
“Today, because of all the recent results and the therapeutic potential of the technology, several NIH institutes are involved in specifically encouraging and funding translational and clinical pilot studies with the express desire of developing a clinically useful neural prosthetic.40”
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That approval led to the FDA-approved BrainGate trial, a Phase I study begun in 2004 to test feasibility and safety of long-term human cortical recording.
“This approval led to the FDA approval of the BrainGate trial, a Phase I FDA study approved in 2004 to explore the feasibility and safety of long-term human cortical recording.”
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The human brain appears to tolerate large polyurethane-coated DBS implants well.
“The human brain seems to tolerate the large polyurethane-coated DBS implants well, and hopefully, this will carry over to the arrays.”
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Sufficient prior work has received FDA approval, making translational experiments in cortical prostheses quite possible today.
“Fortunately, sufficient prior work has been done with their approval, making translational experiments in cortical prostheses quite possible today.”
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Findingown dataIn the authors' experience with more than 15 Utah arrays in nonhuman primate frontal cortex, recordings lasted up to 3 years in one outlier but typically only 6-12 months before most electrodes' signal quality fell substantially.
“In our experience with more than 15 Utah electrode array implants in nonhuman primate frontal cortex, we achieved up to 3 years (with 1 outlier array), but much more typically only 6–12 months before signal quality on most electrodes diminished substantially.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe authors optimized their algorithm and achieved 6.5 bps, four times faster than previous prosthetic systems.
“We optimized the algorithm and ultimately realized 6.5 bps performance – this is 4 times faster than previous prosthetic systems.”
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PremisecitationA long-term review of 165 bone-anchored hearing aid patients found 21% local skin reactions, 18% hardware loosening, 8% severe reactions needing treatment, and 1% skin necrosis.
“The authors of a long-term review of 165 patients with these implants noted a 21% incidence of local skin reactions, 18% loosening of the hardware, 8% severe reactions requiring treatment, and 1% skin necrosis.”
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InterpretationreasoningDurability, performance, and patient risk are likely to become serious barriers to clinical translation, possibly severe enough to stop progress.
“Otherwise, these will likely become serious obstacles to clinical translation, potentially serious enough to halt the progress of human cortical prostheses.”
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PremisecitationSubdural recording grids for up to 21 days have been associated with CSF leaks up to 31%, hemorrhagic complications up to 14%, cerebral edema up to 14%, transient neurological deficits, and symptomatic pneumocephalus.
“These include CSF leaks (in up to 31% of patients), hemorrhagic complications (in up to 14%), cerebral edema (in up to 14%), transient neurological deficits, and symptomatic pneumocephalus.2,4,28,39,56”
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Interpretationnone givenMaking this technology available to everyone remains a distant goal.
“However, realizing the dream of making such technology available to everyone is still far off.”
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InterpretationreasoningInvasive electrode-based cortical prostheses will become more widely used only if their performance substantially exceeds alternatives and surgical risk is sufficiently reduced.
“Only when prosthetic performance substantially surpasses what is possible with other techniques, and surgical risk is sufficiently mitigated, will invasive electrodebased cortical prostheses find more widespread use.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenHuman cortical prostheses will become clinically translated only when their benefits clearly exceed their risks.
“In short, translation of human cortical prostheses will only result when their benefits clearly outweigh the risks.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Premisenone givenCurrent noninvasive EEG-based BCIs operate in a similar range but carry little clinical risk.
“Quantification is vital because current noninvasive EEG-based BCIs operate in a similar range, but these systems incur little clinical risk.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenA prosthesis becomes clinically viable when its expected quality-of-life gain exceeds its potential risks.
“Prostheses will be clinically viable when the anticipated quality of life improvement outweighs the potential risks.”
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PremisecitationKim and colleagues reported the first implanted cortical electrode array human prosthesis, achieving 2D cursor control from M1 recordings.
“The first implanted cortical electrode array human prosthesis was reported by Kim and colleagues23,32 who, in collaboration with Cyberkinetics Neurotechnology Inc., demonstrated 2D cursor control using M1 recordings.”
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PremisecitationA literature review found 5.1% electrode migration, 5.0% lead fracture, and 1.3% skin erosion for DBS devices.
“A review of the literature identified a 5.1% incidence of electrode migration, 5.0% lead fracture, and 1.3% skin erosion.18,62”
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PremisecitationThe most significant long-term findings are mild gliosis and limited foreign body giant cell reactions.
“The most significant findings relate to mild gliosis and limited foreign body giant cell reactions.17,37,58”
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Premisenone givenCyberkinetics obtained 510(k) approval in the 2000s for an electrode array and signal processing system (NeuroPort), still available for acute inpatient use under 30 days.
“In the 2000s, Cyberkinetics Neurotechnology, Inc. obtained 510(k) regulatory approval for implantation of an electrode array and signal processing system (NeuroPort System, Blackrock Microsystems, Inc.), which is still available for use in acute inpatient applications of < 30 days’ duration.”
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PremisecitationMost studies indicate that neural tissue shows few or no permanent changes after DBS electrode placement, though transient MRI signal changes occur within 3 months.
“Although transient MR imaging signal changes have been noted within 3 months of electrode placement,44 most studies have indicated that the neural tissue exhibits few or no permanent tissue changes.16,21”
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PremisecitationSeveral patients were recruited, and the first pilot clinical trial of cortical prostheses in humans was performed.
“Several patients were recruited, and the first pilot clinical trial of cortical prostheses in human patients was performed.23,32,61”
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Premisenone givenKennedy and colleagues received FDA approval in the late 1990s to develop and place glass electrodes into the cortex of impaired patients.
“In the late 1990s, Kennedy and colleagues received FDA approval to develop and place glass electrodes into the cortex of impaired patients.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Premisenone givenThe NIH Neural Prosthesis Program began in the 1970s to support basic, translational, and clinical neuroengineering projects.
“The NIH Neural Prosthesis Program was initiated in the 1970s to support basic, translational, and clinical neuroengineering projects.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The authors state this as an assumption.
Even with initially high-quality electrode interfaces, the number of electrodes with excellent signal quality will decline over time.
“Even with initially high-quality electrode interfaces, we can probably safely assume that the number of electrodes with excellent signal quality will degrade over time.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Infection risk can never be completely eliminated.
“Infection risk can never be completely eliminated.”
Claims other papers make about this one
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Invasive BCIs face the risk of post-surgery complications and infections, and the challenge of maintaining stable chronic recordings, which might limit broad use in patient populations.
“However, these invasive approaches face the risk of post-surgery complications and infections, and the challenge of maintaining stable chronic recordings, which might limit broad use in the patient populations9.”
From Noninvasive Electroencephalogram Based Control of a Robotic Arm for Reach and Grasp Tasks (2016) · cites this paper as [9]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Self-citationMitochondrial damage in Alzheimer's disease varies with apolipoprotein E genotype
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Detecting Neural-State Transitions Using Hidden Markov Models for Motor Cortical Prostheses
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HermesB: A Continuous Neural Recording System for Freely Behaving Primates
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Self-citationHermesC: Low-Power Wireless Neural Recording System for Freely Moving Primates
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Self-citationElectron microscopy of tissue adherent to explanted electrodes in dystonia and Parkinson's disease
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Factor-Analysis Methods for Higher-Performance Neural Prostheses
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Self-citationWork toward real-time control of a cortical neural prothesis
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Free-paced high-performance brain–computer interfaces
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Venous Air Embolism during Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery in an Awake Supine Patient
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Self-citationNeuroprosthetic devices: how far are we from recovering movement in paralyzed patients?
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Toward Optimal Target Placement for Neural Prosthetic Devices
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Self-citationHermesC: RF wireless low-power neural recording system for freely behaving primates
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Self-citationA wireless neural interface for chronic recording,
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Self-citationIncreasing the Performance of Cortically-Controlled Prostheses
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11 of the 75 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Hamani, 2006, Hardware-related complications of deep brain stimulation: a review of the published literature, 84, 248
- Johnston, 2006, Complications of invasive subdural electrode monitoring at St. Louis Children's Hospital, 1994–2005, 105, 343
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Dissolvable films of silk fibroin for ultrathin conformal bio-integrated electronics
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Flexible and Stretchable Electronics for Biointegrated Devices
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Recent advances in flexible sensors for wearable and implantable devices
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A recurrent neural network for closed-loop intracortical brain–machine interface decoders
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Self-citationCombining Decoder Design and Neural Adaptation in Brain-Machine Interfaces
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“Neurosci., abstract; Ryu and Shenoy, 2009; Simeral et al., 2011).”
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“There are many medical, scientific, and engineering challenges in developing such a system (Lebedev and Nicolelis, 2006; Ryu and Shenoy, 2009; Schwartz, 2004; Schwartz et al., 2006), but all neural prostheses share in common the need for a decode algorithm.”
BackgroundSelf-citationImplantable neurotechnologies: a review of micro- and nanoelectrodes for neural recording
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Evolving Signal Processing for Brain–Computer Interfaces
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“Braincomputer interactions using invasive brain measures, while also of intense current research interest and demonstrated utility for some applications [7][8][9], will here be discussed only briefly.”
BackgroundA chronic generalized bi-directional brain–machine interface
Rouse, A. G., Stanslaski, S. R., Cong, P., Jensen, R. M., Afshar, P., Ullestad, D., Gupta, R., Molnar, G. F., Moran, D. W., & Denison, T. (2011) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/8/3/036018 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Challenges and Opportunities for Next-Generation Intracortically Based Neural Prostheses
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“As such, considerable attention is being paid to maximizing benefit while minimizing burden [7], [10].”
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“A critical challenge that must be overcome to enable clinically viable BMIs is to improve the device's useful lifespan by maintaining high performance over a long period of time, thereby improving its risk-benefit balance [10].”
Self-citationBiohybrid Carbon Nanotube/Agarose Fibers for Neural Tissue Engineering
Lewitus, D. Y., Landers, J., Branch, J. R., Smith, K. L., Callegari, G., Kohn, J., & Neimark, A. V. (2011) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.201002429 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Assessment of brain–machine interfaces from the perspective of people with paralysis
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InfluentialSensor Modalities for Brain-Computer Interface Technology: A Comprehensive Literature Review
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A dynamical systems view of motor preparation
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Self-citationKao, J. C., Nuyujukian, P., Ryu, S. I., & Shenoy, K. V. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2016.2582691 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“The ability of these devices to restore efficient high-performance communication is critical to their clinical viability (e.g., [12]–[14]).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPhotothermally Triggered Shape‐Adaptable 3D Flexible Electronics
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Bacterial Cellulose as a Supersoft Neural Interfacing Substrate
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Brain-computer interfaces: military, neurosurgical, and ethical perspective
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Robust and accurate decoding of hand kinematics from entire spiking activity using deep learning
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Intention estimation in brain–machine interfaces
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Sniffing enables communication and environmental control for the severely disabled
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Decoding Motor Imagery through Common Spatial Pattern Filters at the EEG Source Space
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“Noninvasive BCI systems emerge as a promising and safe solution for rehabilitation purposes in contrast with invasive BCIs that are associated to health risks and ethical issues [44], but their commercial use is still hindered by low performance and instability.”
BackgroundBidirectional brain-computer interfaces
Hughes, C. L., Herrera, A. J., Gaunt, R. A., & Collinger, J. L. (2020) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-63934-9.00013-5 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
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“More specifically, neural interface systems (NIS) can be used for communication [2], to restore lost functional movement [3], to reinnervate target locations for bladder control and for the treatment of neurological conditions like epilepsy [4, 5] and Parkinson’s Disease [6] among others.”
BackgroundMethodMeng, J., Streitz, T. D., Gulachek, N., Suma, D., & He, B. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2018.2872855 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“complications and maintenance [8].”
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Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Advances in Electrocorticography
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An Introductory Tutorial on Brain–Computer Interfaces and Their Applications
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“In addition, such neuroprosthetic systems must be able to adapt the recording to changes in neuronal populations and to tolerate physical real-life environmental factors [93].”
BackgroundTranslation of neurotechnologies
Schalk, G., Brunner, P., Allison, B. Z., Soekadar, S., Guan, C.-T., Denison, T., Rickert, J., & Miller, K. J. (2024) · Nature Reviews Bioengineering · doi:10.1038/s44222-024-00185-2 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Addressing the hurdles of performance, durability and patient risk continue to be an area of focus 202 .”
Moioli, R. C., Nardelli, P. H. J., Barros, M. T., Saad, W., Hekmatmanesh, A., Silva, P. E. G., de Sena, A. S., Dzaferagic, M., Šiljak, H., Leekwijck, W. V., et al. (2021) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2021.3090778 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“For a comparison, Gopal et al. [134] report a tethered 96-electrode BMI with a performance of 6.5 bps, which would correspond to typing 15 words/min with a basic alphanu-meric keyboard, whereas a standard EEG-based BMI has a performance of ∼ 1.0 bps, or 3 words/min [135].”
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Long-term neural recordings using MEMS based moveable microelectrodes in the brain
Jackson (2010) · Frontiers in Neuroengineering · doi:10.3389/fneng.2010.00010 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Recent studies have suggested variations in spike signal amplitudes within a 24-hr duration (Ryu and Shenoy, 2009) using fixed microelectrode arrays.”
The Risks Associated with the Use of Brain-Computer Interfaces: A Systematic Review
King, B. J., Read, G. J. M., & Salmon, P. M. (2022) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2022.2111041 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“…with the potential for hemorrhages, thrombosis and infections (Cheshire, 2019a; Clausen, 2008, 2013; Glannon, 2014; Gr € ubler et al., 2014; Hildt, 2011, 2015; Klein, 2016; Klein & Ojemann, 2016; Lee et al., 2013; McGie et al., 2013a; Reilly, 2020; Ryu & Shenoy, 2009; Steinert & Friedrich, 2020).”
BackgroundNext-generation flexible neural and cardiac electrode arrays
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From softening polymers to multimaterial based bioelectronic devices
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“…are another appealing approach, however they suffer from low information transfer rate, low robustness render a widespread application of BCI-controlled wheelchairs in a real-life scenario uncertain (Mill´an Ryu & Shenoy, 2009; Wolpaw, Birbaumer, McFarland Pfurtscheller, & Vaughan, 2002).”
Semiconducting electrodes for neural interfacing: a review
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Actively Multiplexed μECoG Brain Implant System With Incremental-ΔΣ ADCs Employing Bulk-DACs
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Magnetically Inserted Neural Electrodes: Tissue Response and Functional Lifetime
Dryg, I., Ward, M. P., Qing, K. Y., Mei, H., Schaffer, J. E., & Irazoqui, P. P. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2015.2399856 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“2399856 [1], communication [2], bladder control [3], epilepsy [4], [5]”
BackgroundGeneralizable cursor click decoding using grasp-related neural transients
Dekleva, B. M., Weiss, J. M., Boninger, M. L., & Collinger, J. L. (2021) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac16b2 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“…with severe motor impairment by allowing access to web browsing, social media, electronic games, or text-based communication (Wolpaw et al 2002, Ryu and Shenoy 2009, Gilja et al 2011, Huggins et al 2011, Bacher et al 2015, Jarosiewicz et al 2015, Nuyujukian et al 2018). iBCI systems for motor…”
Clinical neuroprosthetics: Today and tomorrow
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“While degradation may begin as early as 6-12 months after implant, useful signals, including both LFPs and action potentials, may still be recorded for several years [68].”
BackgroundMonkey models for brain-machine interfaces: The need for maintaining diversity
Nuyujukian, P., Fan, J. M., Gilja, V., Kalanithi, P. S. A., Chestek, C. A., & Shenoy, K. V. (2011) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/iembs.2011.6090306 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“These next-generation systems may meet this goal if performance, robustness, and functionality can be increased substantially [8, 9].”
BackgroundSelf-citationGregory, B. A., Thompson, C. H., Salatino, J. W., Railing, M. J., Zimmerman, A. F., Gupta, B., Williams, K., Beatty, J. A., Cox, C. L., & Purcell, E. K. (2023) · Acta Biomaterialia · doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2023.07.027 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Adaptive Movable Neural Interfaces for Monitoring Single Neurons in the Brain
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“…is enough evidence from anecdotal experiments, and short-term studies suggesting that relative tissue micromotion most commonly associated with routine behavioral motions and tasks could have a significant impact on the electrical recordings from single neurons (Fee, 2000; Ryu and Shenoy, 2009).”
BackgroundIndustrial perspectives on brain-computer interface technology
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“So, BCI has always been the only medium to interact with the world [20], [21].”
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Structural, Functional, and Genetic Changes Surrounding Electrodes Implanted in the Brain
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“The risks of undergoing such a potentially dangerous intervention are disclosed and clearly explained to the users [48, 49].”
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“However, it is important to recognize that there are significant disadvantages with both invasive and non-invasive brainmachine interfaces - invasive brain-machine interfaces involve surgical risks and system durability issues [24], whereas non-invasive interfaces involve low signal-tonoise ratios and susceptibility t…”
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Deep Learning Neural Encoders for Motor Cortex
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“To be clinically viable, intracortical BMIs must achieve high performance at a level justifying neurosurgery [32].”
BackgroundDecoding Dexterous Finger Movements in a Neural Prosthesis Model Approaching Real-World Conditions
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“However, recordings of well-isolated action potentials are known to decay over time [22], [23]; consequently, algorithms that rely on action potentials must be tested using long-term implantations.”
BackgroundAgency and Accountability: Ethical Considerations for Brain-Computer Interfaces.
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Neurosurgery and the dawning age of Brain-Machine Interfaces
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Neural Decoding for Motor and Communication Prostheses
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“However, many critical research challenges remain before invasive, electrode-based systems are ready for “clinical prime time” (Donoghue et al., 2007; Ryu and Shenoy, 2009).”
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“The Ca2+-bioluminescence multi-characteristic opsin bMCOII (Ryu and Shenoy, 2009) is an ideal probe to quantify loss of visual activities in higher visual areas.”
BackgroundFlexible organic electronics for use in neural sensing
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“Lai contributed equally 6-12 months [2], either due tissue damage caused by the inability of the rigid penetrating electrodes to flex and move as the brain swells and contracts [3] or by damage caused from hemorrhage and inflammation from the initial insertion [4].”
BackgroundIntelligent textiles for monitoring physiological parameters
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Proceedings of the Eighth International Workshop on Advances in Electrocorticography
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“Fromapractical point of view, and as demonstrated by the investigational work described at the workshop, neuromodulation therapies offer a unique and practical opportunity for translating ECoG BMI technologies into a clinical research setting [9].”
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“Small form factor : Minimizing the implant footprint is critical for minimizing tissue damage, improving biocompatibility, and mitigating foreign body response and inflammation, which are key factors for chronic implantation [12].”
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“Developing closed-loop stimulation based on LFP may present more advantages [71], [72], [73].”
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“However, the penetrating microelectrodes suffer from reduced lifetime [7] (6-12 months) and may cause hemorrhage and inflammatory tissue responses from the immediate insertion [8],[9] or over long periods of time, because of the inability of the rigid penetrating electrodes to flex and move as the brain pulses, swells…”
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Editorial: Bridging the Gap in Neuroelectronic Interfaces
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“Unfortunately, after this very promising start two decades ago, these technologies were “lost in translation” (Ryu and Shenoy, 2009) on the way to clinical applications and widespread use.”
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- Authors
- Ryu, S. I., & Shenoy, K. V.
- Affiliations
- Palo Alto Medical Foundation (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Venue
- Neurosurgical Focus
- Published
- 2009-07
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- E5
- ISSN
- 1092-0684 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3614414
- OpenAlex
- W2153156720
- Cited by
- 104
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 0.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Neurosurgical FOCUS (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS054283)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Prosthetics and Rehabilitation Robotics
- Keywords
- brain-computer interface, clinical translation, system durability, system performance, patient risk, neuroprosthetics, translational barriers
- MeSH terms
- Cerebral Cortex, Electrodes, Implanted, Humans, Man-Machine Systems, Motor Cortex, Paralysis, Prosthesis Design, Risk Factors, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, User-Computer Interface, Prostheses and Implants, Ethics, Research
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