Episodic-Like Memory for What-Where-Which Occasion is Selectively Impaired in the 3xTgAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease
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Episodic memory loss is a defining feature of early-stage Alzheimer's disease (AD). A test of episodic-like memory for the rat, the What-Where-Which occasion task (WWWhich), requires the association of object, location, and contextual information to form an integrated memory for an event. The WWWhich task cannot be solved by use of non-episodic information such as object familiarity and is dependent on hippocampal integrity. Thus, it provides an ideal tool with which to test capacity for episodic-like memory in the 3xTg murine model for AD. As this model captures much of the human AD phenotype, we hypothesized that these mice would show a deficit in the WWWhich episodic-like memory task. To test the specificity of any episodic-like deficit, we also examined whether mice could perform components of the WWWhich task that do not require episodic-like memory. These included object (Novel Object Recognition), location (Object Location Task, What-Where task), and contextual (What-Which) memory, as well as another three-component task that can be solved without reliance on episodic recall (What-Where-When; WWWhen). The results demonstrate for the first time that control 129sv/c57bl6 mice could form WWWhich episodic-like memories, whereas, 3xTgAD mice at 6 months of age were impaired. Importantly, while 3xTgAD mice showed some deficit on spatial component tasks, they were unimpaired in the more complex WWWhen combination task (which includes a spatial component and is open to non-episodic solutions). These results strongly suggest that AD pathology centered on the hippocampal formation mediates a specific deficit for WWWhich episodic-like memory in the 3xTgAD model.
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Aged mice perform with less success than younger counterparts in a what-where-which variation of the what-where-when paradigm.
“Using a variation of the what–where–when paradigm (what–where–which), aged mice were observed to perform with less success in comparison to their younger counterparts [144,145].”
From Is episodic-like memory <i>like</i> episodic memory? (2024) · cites this paper as [144]
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Amyloid-Beta, BDNF, and the Mechanism of Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s Disease
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- Authors
- Davis, K. E., Easton, A., Eacott, M. J., & Gigg, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Manchester (GB)
- Durham University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Gigg, John
- Venue
- Journal of Alzheimer's Disease
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2013-01-10
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 681-698
- ISSN
- 1387-2877 (ISSN-L)
- 1875-8908
- OpenAlex
- W2169195417
- Semantic Scholar
- f562bd1601e62181c2a92c3761cbe93e067763f7
- Cited by
- 82
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 3.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Journal of Alzheimer s Disease (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (acceptedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- episodic-like memory
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Alzheimer Disease, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Exploratory Behavior, Female, Humans, Memory Disorders, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Transgenic, Motor Activity, Mutation, Space Perception, Spatial Behavior, Amyloid beta-Peptides, Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor, tau Proteins, Mice, Presenilin-1, Memory, Episodic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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