The episodic nature of episodic-like memories
Open accessAbstract
Studying episodic memory in nonhuman animals has proved difficult because definitions in humans require conscious recollection. Here, we assessed humans’ experience of episodic-like recognition memory tasks that have been used with animals. It was found that tasks using contextual information to discriminate events could only be accurately performed using recollection, not familiarity. However, tasks using temporal information to discriminate events could be accurately performed using either recollection or familiarity. The results strengthen the position that some episodic-like recognition memory tasks are a valid model of episodic memory. However, tasks that rely on temporal information may be susceptible to nonepisodic strategies.
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Human performance across different episodic-like memory paradigms is not necessarily related, suggesting that distinct psychological processes may be employed for each.
“Furthermore, human performance across different paradigms is not necessarily related [109], suggesting that distinct psychological processes may be employed for each [107,109,110].”
From Is episodic-like memory <i>like</i> episodic memory? (2024) · cites this paper as [110]
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Sorted by citations
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Self-citationMoving beyond standard procedures to assess spontaneous recognition memory
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“Here, it has been proposed that tasks using contextual information to discriminate events could only be accurately performed using recollection, not familiarity, while tasks using temporal information to discriminate events might be solved using either recollection or familiarity (Easton et al., 2012).”
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“Recent studies in humans have shown that WWW memories are reliably reported as “remembered” rather than “known” (Holland and Smulders 2011; Easton et al. 2012; Cheke and Clayton 2013) and are correlated with, but distinct from, free recall performance (Cheke and Clayton 2013, 2015; Mazurek et al.…”
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“familiarity-based strategy (“know” judgments), whereas performance on the WW-Which task was only successful with the recollection-based strategy (Ameen-Ali, Norman, Eacott, & Easton, 2017; Easton et al., 2012).”
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“important role of episodic memory in WWW memory tasks (Easton et al. 2012; Cheke and Clayton 2013; Holland and Smulders 2011; Cheke and Clayton 2015), and (ii) Pause et al.”
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Self-citationAcetylcholine and Spontaneous Recognition Memory in Rodents and Primates
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“By running the tasks using this continual trials approach (Ameen-Ali, Eacott, & Easton, 2012; Chan et al., 2018) we were able to raise the levels of proactive interference in both tasks.”
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Self-citationAdults' Performance in an Episodic-Like Memory Task: The Role of Experience
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“Previous research with human participants has shown that while memory for both temporal and contextual information can be accurate (Easton, Webster, & Eacott, 2012; Holland & Smulders, 2011), the two models engage different retrieval processes within the dual process framework (Easton et al., 2012).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMemory for Problem Solving: Comparative Studies in Attention, Working and Long-term Memory
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“…been shown to be critically involved in several memory processes including spatial navigation (Morris et al. 1982), contextual learning (Philips and LeDoux 1992), object–place and odor–place associations (Gilbert and Kesner 2002) and episodic-like memory (Easton et al. 2012; Veyrac et al. 2015).”
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“…be critically involved in several memory processes, including spatial navigation (Morris et al. 1982; Winson 1978), contextual learning (Phillips and LeDoux 1992), object-place and odor-place associations (Gilbert and Kesner 2002), and episodic-like memory (Easton et al. 2012; Veyrac et al. 2015).”
BackgroundExamining the relationship between processing fluency and memory for source information
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“Based on the findings from previous experiments on associative memory [82,83], temporal source memory [87,88] and Experiment 1, we predicted that deeper processing at encoding would produce more accurate source memory responses, and that trials with correct source responses would have faster identification RTs, for bo…”
BackgroundResultStrawberries modestly improve cognition and cardiovascular health in older adults
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Context in memory is reconstructed, not encoded
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“…how long ago something happened behaves in the same way as other (visuo-tactile) contexts in episodic memory recall (e.g. Davis et al., 2013; Easton et al., 2012; Roberts et al., 2008; Kuruvilla et al., 2020), but there is little doubt that in everyday episodic memory this judgment of how…”
BackgroundSelf-citationAssessing episodic memory in rodents using spontaneous object recognition tasks
Barbosa, F. F., & Castelo‐Branco, R. (2022) · Emerging Topics in Life Sciences · doi:10.1042/etls20220010 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Value of the Object Recognition Paradigm in Investigating Animal Models of Alzheimer's Disease
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Measuring episodic memory and mental time travel: crossing the species gap
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“Mirroring the content-based tasks of episodic memory in birds and rats, Easton et al. [27] asked human participants to look at arrangements of objects against specific backgrounds without explicitly being asked to remember anything about these arrangements (figure 2).”
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“This is consistent with previous studies that have shown that integrated representations of what–where–when (Easton et al., 2012) and temporal source memory (Persson et al.”
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Self-citationVarela, V., Evdokimidis, I., & Potagas, C. M. (2021) · Applied Neuropsychology Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2021.1924719 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…several studies using the Remember/Know paradigm (Tulving, 2002; Yonelinas & Levy, 2002) and a number of established episodic memory measures (e.g., Easton et al., 2012; Holland & Smulders, 2011; Mazurek et al., 2015; Sumida et al., 2016), showing that recall or recognition of accurate WWW triads…”
MethodMartín-Ordás, G. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108564113.009 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Temporal and contextual binding in episodic memory in younger and older adults
da Silva, J. S. C., Albuquerque, F. D. S., Barbosa, F. F., da Silva‐Sauer, L., & Fernández‐Calvo, B. (2023) · Applied Neuropsychology Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2023.2165078 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“In addition, the differences between the results presented here and those by Easton et al. (2012) may also be justified by the influence of cultural characteristics and/or the diversity of the adult sample.”
InfluentialTiming and episodic-like memory in the rufous hummingbird
Marshall, R. E. S. (2013) · UPT. Syiah Kuala University Library (Syiah Kuala University) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Episodic-like Memory in Dogs: Solving What-Where-When Tasks
Lo, K. H. (2018) · Scholarship@Western (Western University)
Constructing knowledge: semantic memories in mice
Schut, E. H. S. (2019) · Radboud Repository (Radboud University)
Kaufman, A. B., Call, J., & Kaufman, J. C. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108564113.008
Theories of Hippocampal Function
McKenzie, S., Gobbo, F., & Morris, R. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780190065324.003.0014
Sadoun, A., Girard, P., & Castro, V. D. (2025) · Revue de primatologie · doi:10.4000/152aa
Novel tests of complex recognition memory in animals and humans
Ameen‐Ali, K. E. (2015) · Durham e-Theses (Durham University)
- Authors
- Easton, A., Webster, L. A. D., & Eacott, M. J.
- Affiliations
- Durham University (GB)
- Venue
- Learning & Memory
- Publisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- Published
- 2012-03-12
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 146-150
- ISSN
- 1072-0502 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-5485
- OpenAlex
- W2035381792
- Cited by
- 67
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 2
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Learning & Memory (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (acceptedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- episodic memory, episodic-like memory, recognition memory, recollection, familiarity, temporal information, contextual information, memory strategies
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Female, Humans, Male, Young Adult, Memory, Episodic
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