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Cited by 1,400Cancer Immunotherapy and BiomarkersImmune cells in cancerImmunotherapy and Immune Responses

Systemic immunity in cancer

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Hiam-Galvez, Kamir J., Allen, Breanna M., Spitzer, Matthew H.·2021·Nature Reviews Cancer
DOI 10.1038/s41568-021-00347-zPMC PMC8034277
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Abstract

Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment, but efficacy remains limited in most clinical settings. Cancer is a systemic disease that induces many functional and compositional changes to the immune system as a whole. Immunity is regulated by interactions of diverse cell lineages across tissues. Therefore, an improved understanding of tumour immunology must assess the systemic immune landscape beyond the tumour microenvironment (TME). Importantly, the peripheral immune system is required to drive effective natural and therapeutically induced antitumour immune responses. In fact, emerging evidence suggests that immunotherapy drives new immune responses rather than the reinvigoration of pre-existing immune responses. However, new immune responses in individuals burdened with tumours are compromised even beyond the TME. Herein, we aim to comprehensively outline the current knowledge of systemic immunity in cancer.

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  • Under certain conditions, the immune system fosters tumor initiation and progression through microenvironmental remodeling.

    “The immune system is a key regulator in cancer development, providing protective immune surveillance that suppresses tumorigenesis while, under certain conditions, fostering tumor initiation and progression through microenvironmental remodeling [72,73]”

    From Phage therapy in oncology: opportunities for cancer prevention and treatment (2026) · cites this paper as [73]

    The ‘Perturbations induced by tumour burden’ section says suppressive regulatory B cells play a role in tumour progression. It does not establish that immune-driven microenvironmental remodelling fosters tumour initiation; the remodelling it describes is largely induced by existing tumours. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The immune system provides protective immune surveillance that suppresses tumorigenesis.

    “The immune system is a key regulator in cancer development, providing protective immune surveillance that suppresses tumorigenesis while, under certain conditions, fostering tumor initiation and progression through microenvironmental remodeling [72,73]”

    From Phage therapy in oncology: opportunities for cancer prevention and treatment (2026) · cites this paper as [73]

    The ‘Perturbations induced by tumour burden’ section describes natural killer cells directly killing tumour cells and influencing other immune cells’ antitumorigenic behaviour. This supports a protective role for immunity, but the paper does not establish the more specific claim that immune surveillance suppresses tumour initiation. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Hiam-Galvez, K. J., Allen, B. M., & Spitzer, M. H.
Affiliations
University of California, San Francisco (US)
Corresponding author
Spitzer, Matthew H.
ORCID
Venue
Nature Reviews Cancer
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2021-04-09
Volume
21
Issue
6
Pages
345-359
ISSN
  • 1474-175X (ISSN-L)
  • 1474-1768
DOI
10.1038/s41568-021-00347-z
PMC
PMC8034277
OpenAlex
W3151427897
Cited by
1,400
References
30
Citations by year
2026: 205 · 2025: 284 · 2024: 322 · 2023: 287 · 2022: 244 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 1 · 2013: 1
FWCI
27.62
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Nature reviews. Cancer (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy
  • National Institutes of Health (DP5OD023056)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
Keywords
systemic immunity, tumor immunology, peripheral immune system, tumor microenvironment, immunotherapy response, antitumor immunity, predictive biomarkers, cancer immunotherapy
MeSH terms
Animals, Humans, Immunotherapy, Neoplasms, Tumor Microenvironment

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