Dose Effects of Orally Administered Spirulina Suspension on Colonic Microbiota in Healthy Mice
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Phycocyanin exhibits antibacterial effects against various pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus.
“it has been corroborated that phycocyanin exhibits antibacterial effects against various pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus [11]”
From Spirulina Supplementation Alleviates Intense Exercise-Induced Damage and Modulates Gut Microbiota in Mice (2025) · cites this paper as [11]
The Discussion (page unavailable) describes Spirulina components as potential prebiotics, and the Results (page unavailable) report changes in mouse colonic microbiota after Spirulina treatment. Searches for phycocyanin, antibacterial activity, and the named pathogens found no passage in our copy addressing whether phycocyanin acts against them. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSpirulina has been shown to regulate the intestinal microbiome and promote the growth of beneficial bacteria, such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus.
“Spirulina has been shown to regulate the intestinal microbiome and promote the growth of beneficial bacteria, such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus [11].”
From Spirulina Supplementation Alleviates Intense Exercise-Induced Damage and Modulates Gut Microbiota in Mice (2025) · cites this paper as [11]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The impact of the gut microbiota on human health: an integrative view
Clemente, J. C., Ursell, L. K., Parfrey, L. W., & Knight, R. (2012) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.01.035 · Cited by 3,710 · see citing works
The gut microbiota--masters of host development and physiology
Sommer, F., & Bäckhed, F. (2013) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro2974 · Cited by 3,681 · see citing works
Dietary-fat-induced taurocholic acid promotes pathobiont expansion and colitis in Il10-/- mice
Devkota, S., Wang, Y., Musch, M. W., Leone, V., Fehlner-Peach, H., Nadimpalli, A., Antonopoulos, D. A., Jabri, B., & Chang, E. B. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11225 · Cited by 1,904 · see citing works
Gut microbiome development along the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence
Feng, Q., Liang, S., Jia, H., Stadlmayr, A., Tang, L., Lan, Z., Zhang, D., Xia, H., Xu, X., Jie, Z., et al. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms7528 · Cited by 1,506 · see citing works
Ubeda, C., Bucci, V., Caballero, S., Djukovic, A., Toussaint, N. C., Equinda, M., Lipuma, L., Ling, L., Gobourne, A., No, D., et al. (2013) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.01197-12 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
Tokuşoglu, Ö., & üUnal, M. K. (2003) · Journal of Food Science · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.2003.tb09615.x · Cited by 446 · see citing works
Torres-Duran, P. V., Ferreira-Hermosillo, A., & Juarez-Oropeza, M. A. (2007) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/1476-511x-6-33 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Yusuf, M. S., Hassan, M. A., Abdel-Daim, M. M., El nabtiti, A. S., Ahmed, A. M., Moawed, S. A., El-Sayed, A. K., & Cui, H. (2016) · Veterinary World · doi:10.14202/vetworld.2016.1287-1293 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 58
- Abd El-Hakim Y. M. Mohamed W. A. El-Metwally A. E. (2018). Spirulina platensis attenuates furan reprotoxicity by regulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in testis of rats. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 161, 25– 33. 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.05.073 29857230 · DOI
- Bilinski J. Grzesiowski P. Sorensen N. Madry K. Muszynski J. Robak K.. (2017). Fecal microbiota transplantation in patients with blood disorders inhibits gut colonization with antibiotic-resistant bacteria: results of a prospective, single-center study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 65, 364– 370. 10.1093/cid/cix252 28369341 · DOI
- Brown N. C. Andreazza A. C. Young L. T. (2014). An updated meta-analysis of oxidative stress markers in bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res. 218, 61– 68. 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.04.005 24794031 · DOI
- Carlier J. P. Bedora-Faure M. K'Ouas G. Alauzet C. Mory F. (2010). Proposal to unify Clostridium orbiscindens Winter et al. 1991 and Eubacterium plautii (Seguin 1928) Hofstad and Aasjord 1982, with description of Flavonifractor plautii gen. nov., comb. nov, and reassignment of Bacteroides capillosus to Pseudoflavonifractor capillosus gen. nov., comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 585– 590. 10.1099/ijs.0.016725-0 19654357 · DOI
- Cencic A. Chingwaru W. (2010). The role of functional foods, nutraceuticals, and food supplements in intestinal health. Nutrients 2, 611– 625. 10.3390/nu2060611 22254045 PMC3257668 · DOI
- Coello K. Hansen T. H. Sorensen N. Munkholm K. Kessing L. V. Pedersen O.. (2019). Gut microbiota composition in patients with newly diagnosed bipolar disorder and their unaffected first-degree relatives. Brain Behav. Immun. 75, 112– 118. 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.09.026 30261302 · DOI
- Crouzet L. Rigottier-Gois L. Serror P. (2015). Potential use of probiotic and commensal bacteria as non-antibiotic strategies against vancomycin-resistant enterococci. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 362: fnv012. 10.1093/femsle/fnv012 25667231 · DOI
- de Clercq N. C. Groen A. K. Romijn J. A. Nieuwdorp M. (2016). Gut microbiota in obesity and undernutrition. Adv. Nutr. 7, 1080– 1089. 10.3945/an.116.012914 28140325 PMC5105041 · DOI · Paper page
- de Jesus Raposo M. F. de Morais A. M. de Morais R. M. (2016). Emergent sources of prebiotics: seaweeds and microalgae. Mar. Drugs 14: E27. 10.3390/md14020027 26828501 PMC4771980 · DOI · Paper page
- Edgar R. C. (2013). UPARSE: highly accurate OTU sequences from microbial amplicon reads. Nat. Methods 10, 996– 998. 10.1038/nmeth.2604 23955772 · DOI
- Flint H. J. Scott K. P. Louis P. Duncan S. H. (2012). The role of the gut microbiota in nutrition and health. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 9, 577– 589. 10.1038/nrgastro.2012.156 22945443 · DOI
- Franklin C. L. Ericsson A. C. (2017). Microbiota and reproducibility of rodent models. Lab Anim. 46, 114– 122. 10.1038/laban.1222 28328896 PMC5762113 · DOI
- Geller L. T. Barzily-Rokni M. Danino T. Jonas O. H. Shental N. Nejman D.. (2017). Potential role of intratumor bacteria in mediating tumor resistance to the chemotherapeutic drug gemcitabine. Science 357, 1156– 1160. 10.1126/science.aah5043 28912244 PMC5727343 · DOI · Paper page
- Gibson G. R. Hutkins R. Sanders M. E. Prescott S. L. Reimer R. A. Salminen S. J.. (2017). Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 14, 491– 502. 10.1038/nrgastro.2017.75 28611480 · DOI · Paper page
- Guinane C. M. Cotter P. D. (2013). Role of the gut microbiota in health and chronic gastrointestinal disease: understanding a hidden metabolic organ. Therap. Adv. Gastroenterol. 6, 295– 308. 10.1177/1756283X13482996 23814609 PMC3667473 · DOI
- Hayes C. L. Dong J. Galipeau H. J. Jury J. McCarville J. Huang X. X.. (2018). Commensal microbiota induces colonic barrier structure and functions that contribute to homeostasis. Sci. Rep. 8: 14. 10.1038/s41598-018-32366-6 30242285 PMC6155058 · DOI
- Heo M. G. Choung S. Y. (2018). Anti-obesity effects of Spirulina maxima in high fat diet induced obese rats via the activation of AMPK pathway and SIRT1. Food Funct. 9, 4906– 4915. 10.1039/C8FO00986D 30178808 · DOI
- Hirahashi T. Matsumoto M. Hazeki K. Saeki Y. Ui M. Seya T. (2002). Activation of the human innate immune system by Spirulina: augmentation of interferon production and NK cytotoxicity by oral administration of hot water extract of Spirulina platensis. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2, 423– 434. 10.1016/S1567-5769(01)00166-7 11962722 · DOI · Paper page
- Hooper L. V. Midtvedt T. Gordon J. I. (2002). How host-microbial interactions shape the nutrient environment of the mammalian intestine. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 22, 283– 307. 10.1146/annurev.nutr.22.011602.092259 12055347 · DOI
- Islam K. B. Fukiya S. Hagio M. Fujii N. Ishizuka S. Ooka T.. (2011). Bile acid is a host factor that regulates the composition of the cecal microbiota in rats. Gastroenterology 141, 1773– 1781. 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.07.046 21839040 · DOI · Paper page
- Jernberg C. Lofmark S. Edlund C. Jansson J. K. (2007). Long-term ecological impacts of antibiotic administration on the human intestinal microbiota. ISME J. 1, 56– 66. 10.1038/ismej.2007.3 18043614 · DOI · Paper page
- Kata F. S. Athbi A. M. Manwar E. Q. Al-Ashoor A. Abdel-Daim M. M. Aleya L. (2018). Therapeutic effect of the alkaloid extract of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis on the lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic male rabbits. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 25, 19635– 42. 10.1007/s11356-018-2170-4 29736642 · DOI
- Khan Z. Bhadouria P. Bisen P. S. (2005). Nutritional and therapeutic potential of Spirulina. Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 6, 373– 379. 10.2174/138920105774370607 16248810 · DOI · Paper page
- Laparra J. M. Sanz Y. (2010). Interactions of gut microbiota with functional food components and nutraceuticals. Pharmacol. Res. 61, 219– 225. 10.1016/j.phrs.2009.11.001 19914380 · DOI · Paper page
- Laukens D. Brinkman B. M. Raes J. De Vos M. Vandenabeele P. (2016). Heterogeneity of the gut microbiome in mice: guidelines for optimizing experimental design. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 40, 117– 132. 10.1093/femsre/fuv036 26323480 PMC4703068 · DOI
- Ley R. E. Backhed F. Turnbaugh P. Lozupone C. A. Knight R. D. Gordon J. I. (2005). Obesity alters gut microbial ecology. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102, 11070– 11075. 10.1073/pnas.0504978102 16033867 PMC1176910 · DOI · Paper page
- Li M. Liang P. Li Z. Wang Y. Zhang G. Gao H.. (2015). Fecal microbiota transplantation and bacterial consortium transplantation have comparable effects on the re-establishment of mucosal barrier function in mice with intestinal dysbiosis. Front. Microbiol. 6: 692. 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00692 26217323 PMC4493656 · DOI
- Li S. S. Zhu A. Benes V. Costea P. I. Hercog R. Hildebrand F.. (2016). Durable coexistence of donor and recipient strains after fecal microbiota transplantation. Science 352, 586– 589. 10.1126/science.aad8852 27126044 · DOI
- Lozupone C. A. Stombaugh J. I. Gordon J. I. Jansson J. K. Knight R. (2012). Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota. Nature 489, 220– 230. 10.1038/nature11550 22972295 PMC3577372 · DOI · Paper page
- Lu H. K. Hsieh C. C. Hsu J. J. Yang Y. K. Chou H. N. (2006). Preventive effects of Spirulina platensis on skeletal muscle damage under exercise-induced oxidative stress. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 98, 220– 226. 10.1007/s00421-006-0263-0 16944194 · DOI · Paper page
- Mazokopakis E. E. Starakis I. K. Papadomanolaki M. G. Mavroeidi N. G. Ganotakis E. S. (2014). The hypolipidaemic effects of Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) supplementation in a Cretan population: a prospective study. J. Sci. Food Agric. 94, 432– 437. 10.1002/jsfa.6261 23754631 · DOI
- Mills S. Ross R. P. Hill C. (2017). Bacteriocins and bacteriophage; a narrow-minded approach to food and gut microbiology. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 41, S129– S153. 10.1093/femsre/fux022 28830091 · DOI
- Neyrinck A. M. Taminiau B. Walgrave H. Daube G. Cani P. D. Bindels L. B.. (2017). Spirulina protects against hepatic inflammation in aging: an effect related to the modulation of the gut microbiota? Nutrients 9: E633. 10.3390/nu9060633 28632181 PMC5490612 · DOI
- Ngo-Matip M. E. Pieme C. A. Azabji-Kenfack M. Biapa P. C. Germaine N. Heike E.. (2014). Effects of Spirulina platensis supplementation on lipid profile in HIV-infected antiretroviral naive patients in Yaounde-Cameroon: a randomized trial study. Lipids Health Dis. 13: 191. 10.1186/1476-511X-13-191 25496727 PMC4290440 · DOI
- Nicoletti M. (2016). Microalgae nutraceuticals. Foods. 5: E54. 10.3390/foods5030054 28231149 PMC5302390 · DOI
- Pakpour S. Bhanvadia A. Zhu R. Amarnani A. Gibbons S. M. Gurry T.. (2017). Identifying predictive features of Clostridium difficile infection recurrence before, during, and after primary antibiotic treatment. Microbiome 5: 148. 10.1186/s40168-017-0368-1 29132405 PMC5684761 · DOI
- Piñero Estrada J. E. Bermejo Bescós P. Villar del Fresno A. M. (2001). Antioxidant activity of different fractions of Spirulina platensis protean extract. Farmaco 56, 497– 500. 10.1016/S0014-827X(01)01084-9 11482785 · DOI · Paper page
- Quigley E. M. M. (2018). Prebiotics and probiotics in digestive health. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol 17, 333– 344. 10.1016/j.cgh.2018.09.028 30267869 · DOI
- Rasmussen H. E. Martinez I. Lee J. Y. Walter J. (2009). Alteration of the gastrointestinal microbiota of mice by edible blue-green algae. J. Appl. Microbiol. 107, 1108– 1118. 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04288.x 19486425 · DOI · Paper page
- Roy S. Trinchieri G. (2017). Microbiota: a key orchestrator of cancer therapy. Nat. Rev. Cancer 17, 271– 285. 10.1038/nrc.2017.13 28303904 · DOI · Paper page
- Sharma M. K. Sharma A. Kumar A. Kumar M. (2007). Spirulina fusiformis provides protection against mercuric chloride induced oxidative stress in Swiss albino mice. Food Chem. Toxicol. 45, 2412– 2419. 10.1016/j.fct.2007.06.023 17706852 · DOI
- Spor A. Koren O. Ley R. (2011). Unravelling the effects of the environment and host genotype on the gut microbiome. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 9, 279– 290. 10.1038/nrmicro2540 21407244 · DOI · Paper page
- Szulinska M. Gibas-Dorna M. Miller-Kasprzak E. Suliburska J. Miczke A. Walczak-Galezewska M.. (2017). Spirulina maxima improves insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, and total antioxidant status in obese patients with well-treated hypertension: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 21, 2473– 2481. 28617537
- Tang W. H. Kitai T. Hazen S. L. (2017). Gut microbiota in cardiovascular health and disease. Circ. Res. 120, 1183– 1196. 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.309715 28360349 PMC5390330 · DOI · Paper page
- Thursby E. Juge N. (2017). Introduction to the human gut microbiota. Biochem. J. 474, 1823– 1836. 10.1042/BCJ20160510 28512250 PMC5433529 · DOI · Paper page
- Tsoi H. Chu E. S. H. Zhang X. Sheng J. Nakatsu G. Ng S. C.. (2017). Peptostreptococcus anaerobius induces intracellular cholesterol biosynthesis in colon cells to induce proliferation and causes dysplasia in mice. Gastroenterology 152, 1419– 1433.e1415. 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.01.009 28126350 · DOI
- Turnbaugh P. J. Ley R. E. Mahowald M. A. Magrini V. Mardis E. R. Gordon J. I. (2006). An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature 444, 1027– 1031. 10.1038/nature05414 17183312 · DOI · Paper page
- Verdu E. F. (2009). Probiotics effects on gastrointestinal function: beyond the gut? Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 21, 477– 480. 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2009.01297.x 19432946 · DOI
- Wang H. Zhang X. Wang S. Li H. Lu Z. Shi J.. (2018). Mannan-oligosaccharide modulates the obesity and gut microbiota in high-fat diet-fed mice. Food Funct. 9, 3916– 3929. 10.1039/C8FO00209F 29974116 · DOI
- Wang Z. G. Zhang R. X. Zhang C. Dai C. X. Ju X. R. He R. (2019). Fabrication of stable and self-assembling rapeseed protein nanogel for hydrophobic curcumin delivery. J. Agric. Food Chem. 67, 887– 894. 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05572 30608682 · DOI
- Wexler A. G. Goodman A. L. (2017). An insider's perspective: Bacteroides as a window into the microbiome. Nat. Microbiol. 2: 17026. 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2017.26 28440278 PMC5679392 · DOI
- Wexler H. M. (2007). Bacteroides: the good, the bad, and the nitty-gritty. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 20, 593– 621. 10.1128/CMR.00008-07 17934076 PMC2176045 · DOI
- Wu G. D. Chen J. Hoffmann C. Bittinger K. Chen Y. Y. Keilbaugh S. A.. (2011). Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes. Science 334, 105– 108. 10.1126/science.1208344 21885731 PMC3368382 · DOI · Paper page
- Yogianti F. Kunisada M. Nakano E. Ono R. Sakumi K. Oka S.. (2014). Inhibitory effects of dietary Spirulina platensis on UVB-induced skin inflammatory responses and carcinogenesis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 134, 2610– 2619. 10.1038/jid.2014.188 24732403 · DOI · Paper page
- Zhang R. X. Ahmed T. Li L. Y. Li J. Abbasi A. Z. Wu X. Y. (2017a). Design of nanocarriers for nanoscale drug delivery to enhance cancer treatment using hybrid polymer and lipid building blocks. Nanoscale 9, 1334– 1355. 10.1039/C6NR08486A 27973629 · DOI
- Zhang R. X. Li J. Zhang T. Amini M. A. He C. S. Lu B.. (2018). Importance of integrating nanotechnology with pharmacology and physiology for innovative drug delivery and therapy - an illustration with firsthand examples. Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 39, 825– 844. 10.1038/aps.2018.33 29698389 PMC5943915 · DOI
- Zhang R. X. Li L. Y. Li J. Xu Z. S. Abbasi A. Z. Lin L. (2017b). Coordinating biointeraction and bioreaction of ananocarrier material and an anticancer drug to overcome membrane rigidity and target mitochondria in multidrug-resistant cancer cells. Adv. Funct. Mater. 27: 12 10.1002/adfm.201700804 · DOI
- Zipursky J. S. Sidorsky T. I. Freedman C. A. Sidorsky M. N. Kirkland K. B. (2012). Patient attitudes toward the use of fecal microbiota transplantation in the treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 55, 1652– 1658. 10.1093/cid/cis809 22990849 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Ramos-Romero, S., Torrella, J. R., Pagès, T., Viscor, G., & Torres, J. L. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13020563 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Alves, J. L. D. B., Costa, P. C. T. D., Sales, L. C. S. D., Silva Luis, C. C., Bezerra, T. P. T., Souza, M. L. A., Costa, B. A., & de Souza, E. L. (2025) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2024.2323112 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Silva-Neto, A. F., Fratelli, C., Pucci, V. G., Boldarine, V. T., Ferreira, Y. A. M., Telles, M. M., Braga, A. R. C., & Oyama, L. M. (2023) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2023.105747 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Wang, C., Liu, H., Zhang, S., Ren, C., Xu, J., Chen, J., Chen, H., & Wu, W. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17020355 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hu, J., Li, Y., Pakpour, S., Wang, S., Pan, Z., Liu, J., Wei, Q., She, J., Cang, H., & Zhang, R. X.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2019-07-05
- Volume
- 9
- ISSN
- 2235-2988
- PMC
- PMC6624478
- Cited by
- 60
- References
- 8
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education
- China Postdoctoral Science Foundation
- Shaanxi Province Postdoctoral Science Foundation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review