Neonatal Morbidities of Fetal Growth Restriction: Pathophysiology and Impact

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The Dutch Famine and Its Long-Term Consequences for Adult Health

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Pathophysiology of placental-derived fetal growth restriction

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Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Antenatal and Postnatal Aspects

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Reduced fetal growth rate and increased risk of death from ischaemic heart disease: cohort study of 15 000 Swedish men and women born 1915-29

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Endocrine Regulation of Human Fetal Growth: The Role of the Mother, Placenta, and Fetus

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The consequences of fetal growth restriction on brain structure and neurodevelopmental outcome

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Classification of stillbirth by relevant condition at death (ReCoDe): population based cohort study

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Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

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Bovine Lactoferrin Supplementation for Prevention of Late-Onset Sepsis in Very Low-Birth-Weight Neonates A Randomized Trial

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Early Alteration of Structural and Functional Brain Development in Premature Infants Born with Intrauterine Growth Restriction

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Endocrine mechanisms of intrauterine programming.

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Evidence-based national guidelines for the management of suspected fetal growth restriction: comparison, consensus, and controversy

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Cerebral palsy: causes, pathways, and the role of genetic variants

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The fetal brain sparing response to hypoxia: physiological mechanisms

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Levels and patterns of intrauterine growth retardation in developing countries.

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Impaired synthesis of elastin in walls of aorta and large conduit arteries during early development as an initiating event in pathogenesis of systemic hypertension

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Neurodevelopmental outcome of children with intrauterine growth retardation: a longitudinal, 10-year prospective study

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Aortic wall thickness in newborns with intrauterine growth restriction

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Cardiac dysfunction and cell damage across clinical stages of severity in growth-restricted fetuses

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SHEEP MODELS OF INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RESTRICTION: FETAL ADAPTATIONS AND CONSEQUENCES

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Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR): epidemiology and etiology.

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Differential effect of intrauterine growth restriction on childhood neurodevelopment: a systematic review

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Fetal cardiac output, distribution to the placenta and impact of placental compromise

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FETAL LUNG LIQUID: A MAJOR DETERMINANT OF THE GROWTH AND FUNCTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE FETAL LUNG

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Longitudinal changes in uterine, umbilical and fetal cerebral Doppler indices in late-onset small-for-gestational age fetuses

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Neuropsychological Outcome of Children With Intrauterine Growth Restriction: A 9-Year Prospective Study

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Intrauterine Growth Restriction Affects the Preterm Infant's Hippocampus

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Atopy, lung function, and obstructive airways disease after prenatal exposure to famine

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School Difficulties in 20-Year-Olds Who Were Born Small for Gestational Age at Term in a Regional Cohort Study

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An integrated approach to fetal growth restriction

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Melatonin Reduces Inflammation and Cell Death in White Matter in the Mid-Gestation Fetal Sheep Following Umbilical Cord Occlusion

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Association of intrauterine fetal growth retardation and learning deficits at age 9 to 11 years

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Fetal growth restriction and pulmonary hypertension in premature infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia

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Growth and neurodevelopmental outcome of very low birth weight infants with intrauterine growth retardation: Comparison with control subjects matched by birth weight and gestational age

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Cerebro-splanchnic oxygenation ratio (CSOR) using near infrared spectroscopy may be able to predict splanchnic ischaemia in neonates

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The relationship between intrauterine growth restriction and preterm delivery: an empirical approach using data from a European case‐control study

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Structural Brain Connectivity in School-Age Preterm Infants Provides Evidence for Impaired Networks Relevant for Higher Order Cognitive Skills and Social Cognition

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Cognitive Function After Intrauterine Growth Restriction and Very Preterm Birth

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Intrauterine growth restriction decreases pulmonary alveolar and vessel growth and causes pulmonary artery endothelial cell dysfunction in vitro in fetal sheep

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Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR): Etiology and Diagnosis

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Fetal Growth and Risk of Stillbirth: A Population-Based Case–Control Study

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Animal models of fetal growth restriction: Considerations for translational medicine

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Differential effects of intrauterine growth restriction on brain structure and development in preterm infants: A magnetic resonance imaging study

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Sildenafil Citrate (Viagra) Enhances Vasodilatation in Fetal Growth Restriction

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Pulmonary hypertension in bronchopulmonary dysplasia

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Antenatal antioxidant treatment with melatonin to decrease newborn neurodevelopmental deficits and brain injury caused by fetal growth restriction

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Altered small-world topology of structural brain networks in infants with intrauterine growth restriction and its association with later neurodevelopmental outcome

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Early or Delayed Enteral Feeding for Preterm Growth-Restricted Infants: A Randomized Trial

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Defective Pulmonary Development in the Absence of Heparin-Binding Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Isoforms

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Neurodevelopment after Fetal Growth Restriction

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Insulin-like growth factors in embryonic and fetal growth and skeletal development (Review)

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Melatonin improves endothelial function in vitro and prolongs pregnancy in women with early‐onset preeclampsia

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Fetal Hemodynamic Adaptive Changes Related to Intrauterine Growth

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Placental pathologic changes of maternal vascular underperfusion in bronchopulmonary dysplasia and pulmonary hypertension

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Melatonin Provides Neuroprotection in the Late-Gestation Fetal Sheep Brain in Response to Umbilical Cord Occlusion

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The hemodynamics of late-onset intrauterine growth restriction by MRI

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Umbilical cord blood acid-base state: What is normal?

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Intrauterine growth restriction delays cardiomyocyte maturation and alters coronary artery function in the fetal sheep

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Spirometric Lung Function in School-Age Children: Effect of Intrauterine Growth Retardation and Catch-up Growth

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Risk of stillbirth, preterm delivery, and fetal growth restriction following exposure in a previous birth: systematic review and meta‐analysis

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Endocrine and substrate control of fetal growth: placental and maternal influences and insulin-like growth factors

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Memory functions of children born with asymmetric intrauterine growth restriction

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Preterm birth, vascular function, and risk factors for atherosclerosis

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Uterine and umbilical artery Doppler are comparable in predicting perinatal outcome of growth‐restricted fetuses

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Association of serum PAPP‐A levels in first trimester with small for gestational age and adverse pregnancy outcomes: systematic review and meta‐analysis

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Changes in regional fetal cerebral blood flow perfusion in relation to hemodynamic deterioration in severely growth‐restricted fetuses

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Effects of fetal growth restriction on lung development before and after birth: A morphometric analysis

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Fetal cardiac function in late-onset intrauterine growth restriction vs small-for-gestational age, as defined by estimated fetal weight, cerebroplacental ratio and uterine artery Doppler

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Factors influencing fetal growth

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Impact of chronic hypoxemia on blood flow to the brain, heart, and adrenal gland in the late-gestation IUGR sheep fetus

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Differences in cortical development assessed by fetal MRI in late-onset intrauterine growth restriction

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Idiopathic Fetal Growth Restriction

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Effect of antenatal betamethasone administration on placental vascular resistance

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Intrauterine growth restriction delays surfactant protein maturation in the sheep fetus

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Planning management and delivery of the growth-restricted fetus

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IGF1 molecular anomalies demonstrate its critical role in fetal, postnatal growth and brain development

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Perinatal conditions related to growth restriction and inflammation are associated with an increased risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia

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Prenatal Detection of Fetal Growth Restriction in Newborns Classified as Small for Gestational Age: Correlates and Risk of Neonatal Morbidity

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The Effects of Maternal Betamethasone Administration on the Intrauterine Growth-Restricted Fetus

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Prenatal programming of nephron number and blood pressure

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Differential vulnerability of gray matter and white matter to intrauterine growth restriction in preterm infants at 12 months corrected age

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EVERREST prospective study: a 6-year prospective study to define the clinical and biological characteristics of pregnancies affected by severe early onset fetal growth restriction

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Transforming growth factor-β signaling mediates hypoxia-induced pulmonary arterial remodeling and inhibition of alveolar development in newborn mouse lung

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Pregnancy disorders leading to very preterm birth influence neonatal outcomes: results of the population-based ACTION cohort study

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Local delivery of VEGF adenovirus to the uterine artery increases vasorelaxation and uterine blood flow in the pregnant sheep

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IUGR and infections

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Fetal growth restriction and risk of cerebral palsy in singletons born after at least 35 weeks’ gestation

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Altered resting-state whole-brain functional networks of neonates with intrauterine growth restriction

Batallé, D., Muñoz‐Moreno, E., Tornador, C., Bargalló, N., Deco, G., Eixarch, E., & Gratacós, E. (2016) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2016.01.012 · Cited by 25

Fetal Doppler velocimetry and bronchopulmonary dysplasia risk among growth-restricted preterm infants: an observational study

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DOHaD (Developmental Origins of Health and Disease) and Birth Cohort Research

Fukuoka, H. (2015) · Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology · doi:10.3177/jnsv.61.s2 · Cited by 23

Biochemical parameters of renal impairment/injury and surrogate markers of nephron number in intrauterine growth-restricted and preterm neonates at 30–40 days of postnatal corrected age

Aisa, M. C., Cappuccini, B., Barbati, A., Orlacchio, A., Baglioni, M., & Renzo, G. C. D. (2016) · Pediatric Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s00467-016-3484-4 · Cited by 23

Effects of antenatal melatonin therapy on lung structure in growth-restricted newborn lambs

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Postnatal effects of intrauterine treatment of the growth‐restricted ovine fetus with intra‐amniotic insulin‐like growth factor‐1

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Permanent Cardiac Sarcomere Changes in a Rabbit Model of Intrauterine Growth Restriction

Torre, I., González-Tendero, A., García‐Canadilla, P., Crispi, F., Garcia‐García, F., Bijnens, B. H., Iruretagoyena, J. I., Dopazo, J., Amat‐Roldan, I., & Gratacós, E. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0113067 · Cited by 22

Advanced magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging techniques applied to brain development and animal models of perinatal injury

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The systematic error in the estimation of fetal weight and the underestimation of fetal growth restriction

Lappen, J. R., & Myers, S. A. (2017) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2017.02.013 · Cited by 21

Novel role of NPY in neuroimmune interaction and lung growth after intrauterine growth restriction

Thangaratnarajah, C., Dinger, K., Vohlen, C., Klaudt, C., Nawabi, J., Garcia, E. L., Kwapiszewska, G., Dobner, J., Nüsken, K., Koningsbruggen-Rietschel, S. V., et al. (2017) · American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajplung.00432.2016 · Cited by 21

Prenatal Programming of Pulmonary Hypertension Induced by Chronic Hypoxia or Ductal Ligation in Sheep

Papamatheakis, D. G., Chundu, M., Blood, A. B., & Wilson, S. M. (2013) · Pulmonary Circulation · doi:10.1086/674767 · Cited by 20

Does fetal growth restriction lead to increased brain injury as detected by neonatal cranial ultrasound in premature infants?

Malhotra, A. K., Yahya, Z., Sasi, A., Jenkin, G., Ditchfield, M. R., Polglase, G. R., & Miller, S. (2015) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/jpc.12910 · Cited by 20

Ventilation-induced lung injury is not exacerbated by growth restriction in preterm lambs

Allison, B. J., Hooper, S. B., Coia, E., Zahra, V. A., Jenkin, G., Malhotra, A. K., Sehgal, A., Kluckow, M. R., Gill, A. W., Sozo, F., et al. (2015) · American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajplung.00328.2015 · Cited by 20

Prethreshold retinopathy in premature infants with intrauterine growth restriction

Lee, J. W., VanderVeen, D. K., Allred, E. N., Leviton, A., & Dammann, O. (2014) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.12799 · Cited by 17

Enteral feeding of intrauterine growth restriction preterm infants: theoretical risks and practical implications

Bozzetti, V., & Tagliabue, P. E. (2017) · La Pediatria Medica e Chirurgica · doi:10.4081/pmc.2017.160 · Cited by 17

Early Environmental Enrichment Enhances Abnormal Brain Connectivity in a Rabbit Model of Intrauterine Growth Restriction

Illa, M., Brito, V., Plà, L., Eixarch, E., Arbat‐Plana, A., Batallé, D., Muñoz‐Moreno, E., Crispi, F., Udina, E., Figueras, F., et al. (2017) · Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy · doi:10.1159/000481171 · Cited by 16

Increased fetal myocardial sensitivity to insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism during ovine fetal growth restriction

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Care-Related and Maternal Risk Factors Associated with the Antenatal Nondetection of Intrauterine Growth Restriction: A Case-Control Study from Bremen, Germany

Ernst, S. A., Brand, T., Reeske, A., Spallek, J., Petersen, K., & Zeeb, H. (2017) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2017/1746146 · Cited by 14

Haemodynamic effects of long-term administration of sildenafil in normotensive pregnant and non-pregnant rats

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The STRIDER trial: one step forward, one step back

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Partial pulmonary embolization disrupts alveolarization in fetal sheep

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Antenatal corticosteroids and outcomes of preterm small-for-gestational-age neonates in a single medical center

Kim, W., Han, Y.-S., Ko, H., Park, I., Shin, J., & Wie, J. (2017) · Obstetrics & Gynecology Science · doi:10.5468/ogs.2018.61.1.7 · Cited by 12

Early feeding tolerance in small for gestational age infants with normal versus abnormal antenatal Doppler characteristics

Ahamed, M. F., Dar, P., Vega, M. G., Kim, M., Gao, Q., & Havránek, T. (2017) · Journal of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine · doi:10.3233/npm-1682 · Cited by 11

Does growth restriction increase the vulnerability to acute ventilation-induced brain injury in newborn lambs? Implications for future health and disease

Allison, B. J., Hooper, S. B., Coia, E., Jenkin, G., Malhotra, A. K., Zahra, V., Sehgal, A., Kluckow, M. R., Gill, A. W., Yawno, T., et al. (2017) · Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease · doi:10.1017/s204017441700037x · Cited by 11

Effect of Antenatal Steroids on Haemodynamics in the Normally Grown and Growth Restricted Fetus

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Screening investigations in small-for-gestational-age near-term and term infants

Krishnamurthy, M. B., Popiel, A., & Malhotra, A. K. (2017) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s00431-017-3031-8 · Cited by 10

Three‐dimensional ultrasound cranial imaging and early neurodevelopment in preterm growth‐restricted infants

McLean, G., Hough, C. L., Sehgal, A., Ditchfield, M. R., Polglase, G. R., & Miller, S. (2017) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/jpc.13808 · Cited by 10

Involvement of Novel Adipokines, Chemerin, Visfatin, Resistin and Apelin in Reproductive Functions in Normal and Pathological Conditions in Humans and Animal Models

Estienne, A., Bongrani, A., Reverchon, M., Ramé, C., Ducluzeau, P., Froment, P., & Dupont, J. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20184431 · Cited by 181

The Pivotal Role of the Placenta in Normal and Pathological Pregnancies: A Focus on Preeclampsia, Fetal Growth Restriction, and Maternal Chronic Venous Disease

Ortega, M. A., Fraile‐Μartinez, O., Montero, C. G., Sáez, M. A., Álvarez-Mon, M. Á., Torres‐Carranza, D., Álvarez‐Mon, M., Buján, J., García‐Honduvilla, N., Bravo, C., et al. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11030568 · Cited by 163

A new screening technology in maternity care for identifying dysfunction of the placenta

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Adaptations of the human placenta to hypoxia: opportunities for interventions in fetal growth restriction

Colson, A., Sonveaux, P., Debiève, F., & Sferruzzi-Perri, A. N. (2020) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmaa053 · Cited by 149

The Neurovascular Unit: Effects of Brain Insults During the Perinatal Period

Bell, A., Miller, S., Castillo-Meléndez, M., & Malhotra, A. K. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.01452 · Cited by 131

Impact of Fetal Growth Restriction on Neonatal Outcomes, Neurodevelopment and Growth - Experience of a Tertiary Center

Martins, I. A., Queirós, J. C., Carvalho, I. S., Sousa, D., Cunha, A., Guedes‐Martins, L., Borges, T., Barros, A. C., Nascimento, M., Teixeira, L. C., et al. (2026) · Neonatal. · doi:10.35702/neo.10030

Placental insufficiency and its consequences

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Long-term implications of fetal growth restriction

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FETAL GROWTH RESTRICTION: A GROWTH PATTERN WITH FETAL, NEONATAL AND LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES

Piro, E., Serra, G., Schierz, I. A. M., Giuffrè, M., & Corsello, G. (2026) · EuroMediterranean Biomedical Journal · doi:10.3269/1970-5492.2019.14.09 · Cited by 10

Short- and Long-Term Implications of Small for Gestational Age

Fung, C. M., & Zinkhan, E. K. (2021) · Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2021.02.004 · Cited by 54