Fetal and placental size and risk of hypertension in adult life.
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE--To study the effect of intrauterine growth and maternal physique on blood pressure in adult life. DESIGN--A follow up study of infants born 50 years previously whose measurements at birth were recorded in detail. SETTING--Preston, Lancashire. SUBJECTS--449 Men and women born in hospital in Preston during 1935-43 and still living in Lancashire. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Placental weight, birth weight, and blood pressure at age 46 to 54 years. RESULTS--In both sexes systolic and diastolic pressures were strongly related to placental weight and birth weight. Mean systolic pressure rose by 15 mm Hg as placental weight increased from less than or equal to 1 lb (0.45 kg) to greater than 1.5 lb and fell by 11 mm Hg as birth weight increased from less than or equal to 5.5 lb to greater than 7.5 lb. These relations were independent so that the highest blood pressures occurred in people who had been small babies with large placentas. Higher body mass index and alcohol consumption were also associated with higher blood pressure, but the relations of placental weight and birth weight to blood pressure and hypertension were independent of these influences. CONCLUSIONS--These findings show for the first time that the intrauterine environment has an important effect on blood pressure and hypertension in adults. The highest blood pressures occurred in men and women who had been small babies with large placentas. Such discordance between placental and fetal size may lead to circulatory adaptation in the fetus, altered arterial structure in the child, and hypertension in the adult. Prevention of hypertension may depend on improving the nutrition and health of mothers.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Abnormalities in gross placental development are linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction.
“Mounting evidence [1,2,3] has linked abnormalities in gross placental development to such outcomes.”
From Fully Automated Placental Volume Quantification From<scp>3D</scp>Ultrasound for Prediction of Small‐for‐Gestational‐Age Infants (2022) · cites this paper as [2]
The risk of cardiovascular disease in adult men in relation to the birth weight to placental weight ratio is U-shaped, with heart-related death rates lowest when placental weight is about 19% of birth weight.
“The risk of cardiovascular disease in adult men in relation to the birth weight to placental weight ratio does not follow a linear fashion as one might expect, but rather a “U” shaped pattern with heart-related death rates being lowest when placental weight is ~19% of birth weight (Figure 5) (25, 217, 361).”
From Placental Origins of Chronic Disease (2016) · cites this paper as [25]
Placental size and shape are significantly associated with perinatal outcomes and fetal programming.
“Researchers have observed that placental size and shape are significantly associated with perinatal outcomes and fetal programming. 1 -3”
From Minimally interactive placenta segmentation from three-dimensional ultrasound images (2020) · cites this paper as [1]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Sick individuals and sick populations
Rose, G. (2001) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/30.3.427 · Cited by 3,736 · see citing works
WEIGHT IN INFANCY AND DEATH FROM ISCHAEMIC HEART DISEASE
Barker, D. J. P., Osmond, C., Winter, P. D., Margetts, B., & Simmonds, S. J. (1989) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(89)90710-1 · Cited by 3,574 · see citing works
Self-citationINFANT MORTALITY, CHILDHOOD NUTRITION, AND ISCHAEMIC HEART DISEASE IN ENGLAND AND WALES
BARKER, D. (1986) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(86)91340-1 · Cited by 2,892 · see citing works
Self-citationSick individuals and sick populations
ROSE, G. (1985) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/14.1.32 · Cited by 2,701 · see citing works
Barker, D. J., Osmond, C., Golding, J., Kuh, D., & Wadsworth, M. E. (1989) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.298.6673.564 · Cited by 2,415 · see citing works
Self-citationPhysiological aspects of primary hypertension.
Folkow, B. (1982) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.1982.62.2.347 · Cited by 1,768 · see citing works
Stamler, R., Nissinen, A. M., Uusitalo, U. M., Rose, G., Pietinen, P., & Stamler, J. (1988) · Cited by 1,042 · see citing works
British Regional Heart Study: cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged men in 24 towns.
Shaper, A. G., Pocock, S., Walker, M., Cohen, N. M., Wale, C. J., & Thomson, A. G. (1981) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.283.6285.179 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
Tracking of blood lipids and blood pressures in school age children: the Muscatine study.
Clarke, W. R., Schrott, H. G., Leaverton, P. E., CONNOR, W. E., & Lauer, R. M. (1978) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.58.4.626 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
The fetal circulation and its response to stress.
Rudolph, A. M. (1984) · PubMed · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Early influences on blood pressure: a study of children aged 5-7 years.
Whincup, P. H., Cook, D. G., & Shaper, A. G. (1989) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.299.6699.587 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Death rates from stroke in England and Wales predicted from past maternal mortality.
Barker, D. J. P., & Osmond, C. (1987) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.295.6590.83 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Self-citationWEIGHT IN INFANCY AND DEATH FROM ISCHAEMIC HEART DISEASE
Harris, M., & Berstein, L. M. (1989) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(89)91939-9 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
A GREAT AND GROWING EVIL: The medical consequences of alcohol abuse
Tomson, P. (1987) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Regional Redistribution of Blood Flow in the Mature Fetal Lamb
Campbell, A. G. M., Dawes, G. S., Fishman, A. P., & Hyman, A. I. (1967) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/01.res.21.2.229 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Zinner, S. H., ROSNER, B. A., Oh, W. K., et al. (1985) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.7.3.411 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Migration and geographic variations in blood pressure in Britain.
Elford, J., Phillips, A. N., Thomson, A. G., et al. (1990) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.300.6720.291 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Hypertension and arterial development. Long-term considerations.
Berry, C. L. (1978) · Heart · doi:10.1136/hrt.40.7.709 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Value of repeated blood pressure measurements in children--the Brompton study.
de SWIET, M., Fayers, P. M., & Shinebourne, E. A. (1980) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.280.6231.1567 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Meyer, W. W., & Lind, J. (1974) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.49.9.671 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Anomalous iliac compliance in children with a single umbilical artery.
Berry, C. L., Gosling, R. G., Laogun, A. A., et al. (1976) · Heart · doi:10.1136/hrt.38.5.510 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Zinner, S. H., Rosner, B., Oh, W., et al. (1985) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.7.3_pt_1.411 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Fetal origins of coronary heart disease
Barker, D. J. P. (1995) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.311.6998.171 · Cited by 3,570 · see citing works
Self-citationThe fetal and infant origins of adult disease.
Barker, D. J. (1990) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.301.6761.1111 · Cited by 2,768 · see citing works
Self-citationFetal nutrition and cardiovascular disease in adult life
Barker, D. J. P., Godfrey, K. M., Gluckman, P. D., Harding, J. E., Owens, J. A., & Robinson, J. S. (1993) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(93)91224-a · Cited by 2,753 · see citing works
Self-citationFetal and infant growth and impaired glucose tolerance at age 64
Hales, C. N., Barker, D. J., Clark, P. M., Cox, L. J., Fall, C., Osmond, C., & Winter, P. D. (1991) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.303.6809.1019 · Cited by 2,708 · see citing works
Self-citationBarker, D. J. P., Hales, C. N., Fall, C. H. D., Osmond, C., Phipps, K., & Clark, P. M. S. (1993) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00399095 · Cited by 2,468 · see citing works
Self-citationDevelopmental Origins of the Metabolic Syndrome: Prediction, Plasticity, and Programming
Mcmillen, I. C., & Robinson, J. S. (2005) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00053.2003 · Cited by 1,910 · see citing works
Havranek, E. P., Mujahid, M. S., Barr, D. A., Blair, I. V., Cohen, M. S., Cruz-Flores, S., Davey-Smith, G., Dennison-Himmelfarb, C. R., Lauer, M. S., Lockwood, D. W., et al. (2015) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000228 · Cited by 1,472 · see citing works
Speiser, P. W., Azziz, R., Baskin, L. S., Ghizzoni, L., Hensle, T. W., Merke, D. P., Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F. L., Miller, W. L., Montori, V. M., Oberfield, S. E., et al. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-2631 · Cited by 1,484 · see citing works
Antenatal maternal stress and long‐term effects on child neurodevelopment: how and why?
Talge, N. M., Neal, C., Glover, V., & the Early Stress, T. R. A. P. S. N. F. A. N. E. O. C. A. A. M. H. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01714.x · Cited by 1,349 · see citing works
In utero programming of chronic disease
BARKER, D. J. P. (1998) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs0950115 · Cited by 1,765 · see citing works
Self-citationPrenatal glucocorticoids and long-term programming
Seckl (2004) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.0.151u049 · Cited by 825 · see citing works
Placental Origins of Chronic Disease
Burton, G. J., Fowden, A. L., & Thornburg, K. L. (2016) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00029.2015 · Cited by 717 · see citing works
Health Disparities Beginning in Childhood: A Life-Course Perspective
Braveman, P., & Barclay, C. (2009) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2009-1100d · Cited by 653 · see citing works
The Obstetric Origins of Health for a Lifetime
BARKER, D. J. P., & THORNBURG, K. L. (2013) · Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/grf.0b013e31829cb9ca · Cited by 634 · see citing works
Self-citationHuman hypertension caused by mutations in the kidney isozyme of 11β–hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
Mune, T., Rogerson, F. M., Nikkilä, H., Agarwal, A. K., & White, P. C. (1995) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng0895-394 · Cited by 619 · see citing works
Maternal nutrition in early and late pregnancy in relation to placental and fetal growth
Godfrey, K., Robinson, S., Barker, D., Osmond, C., & Cox, V (1996) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.312.7028.410 · Cited by 604 · see citing works
Self-citationBoys live dangerously in the womb
Eriksson, J. G., Kajantie, E., Osmond, C., Thornburg, K., & Barker, D. J. P. (2010) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.20995 · Cited by 590 · see citing works
Self-citationStanner, S. A., Bulmer, K., Andrès, C., Lantseva, O. E., Borodina, V, Poteen, V. V., & Yudkin, J. S. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7119.1342 · Cited by 545 · see citing works
Fetal and Childhood Growth and Hypertension in Adult Life
Eriksson, J., Forsén, T., Tuomilehto, J., Osmond, C., & Barker, D. (2000) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.36.5.790 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Self-citationDevelopmental programming of obesity in mammals
Taylor, P. D., & Poston, L. (2007) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2005.032854 · Cited by 473 · see citing works
Neonatal Morbidities of Fetal Growth Restriction: Pathophysiology and Impact
Malhotra, A., Allison, B. J., Castillo-Melendez, M., Jenkin, G., Polglase, G. R., & Miller, S. L. (2019) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00055 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Jovanovic, L. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.286.20.2516 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Fall, C. H., Barker, D. J., Osmond, C., Winter, P. D., Clark, P. M., & Hales, C. N. (1992) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.304.6830.801 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Self-citationHertzman, C., & Wiens, M. (1996) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(96)00028-7 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Mechanisms involved in the developmental programming of adulthood disease
Warner, M. J., & Ozanne, S. E. (2010) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj20091861 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
The Role of the Placenta in Fetal Programming—A Review
Godfrey, K. M. (2002) · Placenta · doi:10.1053/plac.2002.0773 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Placental programming of chronic diseases, cancer and lifespan: A review
Barker, D. J. P., & Thornburg, K. L. (2013) · Placenta · doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2013.07.063 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Self-citationShams, M., Kilby, M. D., Somerset, D. A., Howie, A. J., Gupta, A., Wood, P. J., Afnan, M., & Stewart, P. M. (1998) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/13.4.799 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Glucocorticoid “Programming” and PTSD Risk
SECKL, J. R., & MEANEY, M. J. (2006) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1364.027 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
The surface area of the placenta and hypertension in the offspring in later life
Barker, D. J. P., Thornburg, K. L., Osmond, C., Kajantie, E., & Eriksson, J. G. (2010) · The International Journal of Developmental Biology · doi:10.1387/ijdb.082760db · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Self-citationMykletun, A. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.8.1412 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Braun, T., Challis, J. R., Newnham, J. P., & Sloboda, D. M. (2013) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2013-1012 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Life course epidemiology and public health
Wagner, C., Carmeli, C., Jackisch, J., Kivimäki, M., van der Linden, B. W. A., Cullati, S., & Chiolero, A. (2024) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(24)00018-5 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Diagnosis and management of fetal growth restriction
Bamfo, J. E. A. K., & Odibo, A. O. (2011) · Journal of Pregnancy · doi:10.1155/2011/640715 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Maternal high-fat diet in mice programs emotional behavior in adulthood
Peleg-Raibstein, D., Luca, E., & Wolfrum, C. (2012) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2012.05.027 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Compensatory placental growth after restricted maternal nutrition in early pregnancy
Lunney, L. H. (1998) · Placenta · doi:10.1016/s0143-4004(98)90105-9 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Reshetnikova, O. S., Burton, G. J., & Milovanov, A. P. (1994) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0002-9378(94)90402-2 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Mother's body size and placental size predict coronary heart disease in men
Eriksson, J. G., Kajantie, E., Thornburg, K. L., Osmond, C., & Barker, D. J. P. (2011) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr147 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-citationThe sex-specific effects of famine on the association between placental size and later hypertension
van Abeelen, A. F. M., de Rooij, S. R., Osmond, C., Painter, R. C., Veenendaal, M. V. E., Bossuyt, P. M. M., Elias, S. G., Grobbee, D. E., van der Schouw, Y. T., Barker, D. J. P., et al. (2011) · Placenta · doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2011.06.012 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Self-citationWilson, M. J., Lopez, M., Vargas, M., Julian, C., Tellez, W., Rodriguez, A., Bigham, A., Armaza, J. F., Niermeyer, S., Shriver, M., et al. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00806.2006 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Changes in Placental Size during Ramadan
Alwasel, S. H., Abotalib, Z., Aljarallah, J. S., Osmond, C., Alkharaz, S. M., Alhazza, I. M., Badr, G., & Barker, D. J. P. (2010) · Placenta · doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2010.04.010 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationReproduction in females: The role of the early life environment
Sloboda, D. M., Hickey, M., & Hart, R. (2011) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmq048 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Heasman, L., Clarke, L., Stephenson, T. J., & Symonds, M. E. (1999) · Proceedings of the Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665199000397 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Schwartz, N., Sammel, M. D., Leite, R., & Parry, S. (2014) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2014.02.033 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Mother’s lifetime nutrition and the size, shape and efficiency of the placenta
Winder, N. R., Krishnaveni, G. V., Veena, S. R., Hill, J. C., Karat, C. L. S., Thornburg, K. L., Fall, C. H. D., & Barker, D. J. P. (2011) · Placenta · doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2011.09.001 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationComparative aspects of high-altitude adaptation in human populations
Moore, L. G., Fernando Armaza, V., Villena, M., & Vargas, E. (2002) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/0-306-46825-5_6 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
The prenatal origins of lung cancer. II. The placenta
Barker, D. J. P., Thornburg, K. L., Osmond, C., Kajantie, E., & Eriksson, J. G. (2010) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.21041 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationWells, J. C. K. (2009) · Proceedings of the Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665109001086 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Rezende, K. B. D. C., Bornia, R. G., Esteves, A. P. V. D. S., Cunha, A. J. L. A. D., & Amim Junior, J. (2016) · Pregnancy Hypertension: An International Journal of Women's Cardiovascular Health · doi:10.1016/j.preghy.2016.08.229 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Li, K. X. Z., Obeyesekere, V. R., Krozowski, Z. S., & Ferrari, P. (1997) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.138.7.5232 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Maternal cotyledons at birth predict blood pressure in childhood
Barker, D., Osmond, C., Grant, S., Thornburg, K. L., Cooper, C., Ring, S., & Davey-Smith, G. (2013) · Placenta · doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2013.04.019 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationSuglia, S. F., Appleton, A. A., Bleil, M. E., Campo, R. A., Dube, S. R., Fagundes, C. P., Heard-Garris, N. J., Johnson, S. B., Slopen, N., Stoney, C. M., et al. (2021) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106736 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Gross placental measures and childhood growth
Baptiste-Roberts, K., Salafia, C. M., Nicholson, W. K., Duggan, A., Wang, N.-Y., & Brancati, F. L. (2009) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1080/14767050802415728 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
A functional variant in the thrombospondin-1 gene and the risk of small for gestational age infants
ANDRAWEERA, P. H., DEKKER, G. A., THOMPSON, S. D., NORTH, R. A., McCOWAN, L. M. E., & ROBERTS, C. T. (2011) · Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04494.x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Prenatal Glucocorticoids: Short-Term Benefits and Long-Term Risks
Manojlovic-Stojanoski, M., Nestorovic, N., & Milosevic, V. (2012) · Glucocorticoids - New Recognition of Our Familiar Friend · doi:10.5772/51106 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Adherence to Mediterranean Diet and Its Association with Maternal and Newborn Outcomes
Di Renzo, L., Marchetti, M., Rizzo, G., Gualtieri, P., Monsignore, D., Dominici, F., Mappa, I., Cavicchioni, O., Aguzzoli, L., De Lorenzo, A., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19148497 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Combining Deep Learning and Multi-atlas Label Fusion for Automated Placenta Segmentation from 3DUS
Oguz, B. U., Wang, J., Yushkevich, N., Pouch, A., Gee, J., Yushkevich, P. A., Schwartz, N., & Oguz, I. (2018) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-00807-9_14 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Minimally interactive placenta segmentation from three-dimensional ultrasound images
Oguz, I., Yushkevich, N., Pouch, A. M., Oguz, B. U., Wang, J., Parameshwaran, S., Gee, J. C., Yushkevich, P. A., & Schwartz, N. (2020) · Journal of Medical Imaging · doi:10.1117/1.jmi.7.1.014004 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Schwartz, N., Oguz, I., Wang, J., Pouch, A., Yushkevich, N., Parameshwaran, S., Gee, J., Yushkevich, P., & Oguz, B. (2022) · Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine · doi:10.1002/jum.15835 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Barker, D. J., Bull, A. R., Osmond, C., & Simmonds, S. J.
- Affiliations
- Southampton General Hospital (GB)
- ORCID
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 1990-08-04
- Volume
- 301
- Issue
- 6746
- Pages
- 259-262
- ISSN
- 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- 1468-5833
- OpenAlex
- W2093559962
- Cited by
- 1,728
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 49 · 2015: 50 · 2014: 77 · 2013: 52 · 2012: 67
- FWCI
- 61.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.bmj.com/company/legal-information/terms-conditions/legal-information/tdm-licencepolicy (tdm)
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Pregnancy and preeclampsia studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Keywords
- fetal size, placental weight, birth weight, fetal growth, hypertension, blood pressure, adult blood pressure, body mass index, alcohol consumption, prenatal nutrition, arterial structure
- MeSH terms
- Alcohol Drinking, Birth Weight, Blood Pressure, England, Female, Embryonic and Fetal Development, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Hypertension, Infant, Newborn, Male, Organ Size, Placenta, Pregnancy, Risk Factors, Body Mass Index
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
