Reduced Nearshore Warming Associated With Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems
Open accessAbstract
Coastal marine biodiversity within eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUS) is closely linked to the cooler sea temperatures associated with them. It has been suggested that global warming could lead to enhanced sea surface cooling in EBUS via the intensification of upwelling-favorable winds. Conversely, increased stratification and the widespread warming of the world's oceans could drive these systems in the opposite direction. These competing mechanisms hold the potential for driving the thermal envelopes of EBUS towards – or away from – the thermal envelopes found outside EBUS, with likely contrasting implications for biodiversity conservation in each scenario. Here we characterize the patterns of net sea surface warming rates over more than three decades throughout the global ocean to evaluate if waters inside EBUS are changing differently from those outside EBUS. Results point to a trend of reduced warming inside EBUS, especially along the nearshore. We found that reduced net warming was prevalent in Pacific EBUS but restricted in Atlantic EBUS. In contrast, net warming in the coastal ocean outside EBUS was pervasive and generally associated with proximity to land. Our results suggest that EBUS have been responding to climate change differently from the rest of the global ocean, potentially buffering coastal biomes from decades of global warming.
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The CAUS OISST 1/4 maps show lower SST along the coast than in the open ocean.
“The CAUS OISST 1 /4 maps show lower SST along the coast than in the open ocean (Figure 8) as previously observed by different authors [8,46].”
From Examining the ability of CMIP6 models to reproduce the upwelling SST imprint in the Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems (2022) · cites this paper as [8]
The Introduction says that upwelled cold water shapes the thermal environment of upwelling regions, and Materials and Methods uses quarter-degree OISST data. But the paper’s coastal-to-offshore comparisons concern SST warming rates, not the absolute SST difference shown in the citing document’s CAUS maps. It therefore supports the general context, but not that specific map observation. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe greatest influence of upwelling on SST patterns in the EBUS occurs in the first 100 km from the coast.
“the greatest influence of upwelling on the SST patterns in the EBUS occurs in the first 100 km [8].”
From Examining the ability of CMIP6 models to reproduce the upwelling SST imprint in the Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems (2022) · cites this paper as [8]
The Results and Figure 2 caption report that SST warming was slowest nearest shore in EBUS, supporting a stronger nearshore thermal signal. They do not identify the first 100 km as the zone of greatest upwelling influence; the analysis covers a 500-km coastal band and describes warming-rate patterns rather than SST patterns generally. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDuring the last decades, the four major upwelling systems (California, Benguela, Peru, and Canary) have shown an increase in SST.
“During the last decades, the four major upwelling systems (California, Benguela, Peru, and Canary) have shown an increase in SST (Demarcq, 2009;Seabra et al., 2019).”
From Recent Trends in SST, Chl‐<i>a</i>, Productivity and Wind Stress in Upwelling and Open Ocean Areas in the Upper Eastern North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre (2021) · cites this paper as Seabra et al., 2019
The Results report warming in the California, Canary, and Benguela systems over the study period. But the Discussion says Humboldt—the Peru upwelling system—consistently showed a negative SST trend over the last 37 years, so the claim that all four warmed is not supported. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- Seabra, R., Varela, R., Santos, A. M., Gómez-Gesteira, M., Meneghesso, C., Wethey, D. S., & Lima, F. P.
- Affiliations
- Universidade do Porto (PT)
- Universidade de Vigo (ES)
- University of South Carolina (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lima, Fernando P.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Frontiers in Marine Science
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2019-03-08
- Volume
- 6
- ISSN
- 2296-7745 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2922250866
- Cited by
- 74
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 4.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Marine Science (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031088, IF/00043/2012, PD/BD/114038/2015)
- Xunta de Galicia (ED431C 2017/64-GRC)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNX11AP77G)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine and coastal ecosystems
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate variability and models
- Keywords
- eastern boundary upwelling systems, sea surface temperature warming, ocean warming trends, coastal marine biodiversity, upwelling-favorable winds, ocean stratification, climate change impacts on coastal ecosystems, biodiversity conservation
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