The effects of breakfast on behavior and academic performance in children and adolescents
Open accessAbstract
Breakfast consumption is associated with positive outcomes for diet quality, micronutrient intake, weight status and lifestyle factors. Breakfast has been suggested to positively affect learning in children in terms of behavior, cognitive, and school performance. However, these assertions are largely based on evidence which demonstrates acute effects of breakfast on cognitive performance. Less research which examines the effects of breakfast on the ecologically valid outcomes of academic performance or in-class behavior is available. The literature was searched for articles published between 1950-2013 indexed in Ovid MEDLINE, Pubmed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE databases, and PsychINFO. Thirty-six articles examining the effects of breakfast on in-class behavior and academic performance in children and adolescents were included. The effects of breakfast in different populations were considered, including undernourished or well-nourished children and adolescents from differing socio-economic status (SES) backgrounds. The habitual and acute effects of breakfast and the effects of school breakfast programs (SBPs) were considered. The evidence indicated a mainly positive effect of breakfast on on-task behavior in the classroom. There was suggestive evidence that habitual breakfast (frequency and quality) and SBPs have a positive effect on children's academic performance with clearest effects on mathematic and arithmetic grades in undernourished children. Increased frequency of habitual breakfast was consistently positively associated with academic performance. Some evidence suggested that quality of habitual breakfast, in terms of providing a greater variety of food groups and adequate energy, was positively related to school performance. However, these associations can be attributed, in part, to confounders such as SES and to methodological weaknesses such as the subjective nature of the observations of behavior in class.
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Student participation in school breakfast programs such as the USDA School Breakfast Program is associated with increased academic grades and standardized test scores, reduced absenteeism, and improved cognitive function.
“student participation in school breakfast programs such as the US Department of Agriculture's School Breakfast Program has been shown to be associated with increased academic grades and standardized test scores, reduced absenteeism, and improved cognitive function,26,39,41,44,46”
From Critical connections: health and academics (2015) · cites this paper as [39]
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- Authors
- Adolphus, K., Lawton, C. L., & Dye, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Leeds (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Adolphus, Katie
- Venue
- Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 7
- Pages
- 425-425
- ISSN
- 1662-5161 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3737458
- OpenAlex
- W2038223884
- Cited by
- 350
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 18.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Economic and Social Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Food Security and Health in Diverse Populations
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- breakfast consumption, School Breakfast Program, academic performance, on-task behavior, children, adolescents, child malnutrition, socioeconomic status, breakfast quality, diet quality, micronutrient intake
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