A review of studies on the effect of iron deficiency on cognitive development in children

Grantham-McGregor, Sally; Ani, Cornelius

doi:10.1093/jn/131.2.649s

Cited by 1,293Iron Metabolism and DisordersChild Nutrition and Water AccessTrace Elements in Health

A review of studies on the effect of iron deficiency on cognitive development in children

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Grantham-McGregor, Sally, Ani, Cornelius·2001·The Journal of Nutrition

DOI 10.1093/jn/131.2.649s

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Abstract

Studies on the effect of iron deficiency on children's cognition and behavior are selectively reviewed, looking for evidence of a causal relationship. Most correlational studies have found associations between iron-deficiency anemia and poor cognitive and motor development and behavioral problems. Longitudinal studies consistently indicate that children anemic in infancy continue to have poorer cognition, school achievement, and more behavior problems into middle childhood. However, the possible confounding effects of poor socioeconomic backgrounds prevent causal inferences from being made. In anemic children <2 y old, short-term trials of iron treatment have generally failed to benefit development. Most longer trials lacked randomized placebo groups and failed to produce benefits. Only one small randomized controlled trial (RCT) has shown clear benefits. It therefore remains uncertain whether the poor development of iron-deficient infants is due to poor social backgrounds or irreversible damage or is remediable with iron treatment. Similarly, the few preventive trials have had design problems or produced no or questionable benefits only. For children >2 y old, the evidence from RCT is reasonably convincing but not conclusive. RCT of iron treatment are warranted especially in younger children.

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Early-life iron deficiency may produce irreversible neural changes and is associated with poor motor and cognitive development outcomes in children.
“Early-life iron deficiency may produce irreversible neural changes when neurogenesis and differentiation of brain regions are occurring; numerous observational studies have shown associations between iron deficiency and/or associated anemia and poor motor and cognitive development outcomes in children.”
From Vitamins and Minerals for Energy, Fatigue and Cognition: A Narrative Review of the Biochemical and Clinical Evidence (2020) · cites this paper as [150]

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Authors: Grantham-McGregor, S., & Ani, C.
Affiliations: University College London (GB)
ORCID: Ani, Cornelius
Venue: The Journal of Nutrition
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2001-02
Volume: 131
Issue: 2
Pages: 649S-668S
ISSN: 0022-3166 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1093/jn/131.2.649s
OpenAlex: W2132087610
Cited by: 1,293
References: 69
Citations by year: 2026: 26 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 65 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 57 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 51 · 2013: 80 · 2012: 64
FWCI: 5.84
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 8045 d)
Locations: Journal of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Iron Metabolism and Disorders
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Trace Elements in Health
Keywords: iron deficiency, iron deficiency anemia, cognitive development, child behavior problems, motor development, academic performance, socioeconomic confounding, iron supplementation, causal inference
MeSH terms: Iron Deficiencies, Achievement, Mental Disorders, Child, Developmental Disabilities, Child, Preschool, Cognition Disorders, Humans, Infant, Iron, Longitudinal Studies, Case-Control Studies, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem, Anemia, Iron-Deficiency

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A review of studies on the effect of iron deficiency on cognitive development in children

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