Deciphering Resting Microglial Morphology and Process Motility from a Synaptic Prospect
Open accessAbstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), were traditionally believed to be set into action only in case of injury or disease. Accordingly, microglia were assumed to be inactive or resting in the healthy brain. However, recent studies revealed that microglia carry out active tissue sampling in the intact brain by extending and retracting their ramified processes while periodically contacting synapses. Microglial morphology and motility as well as the frequency and duration of physical contacts with synaptic elements were found to be modulated by neuronal activity, sensory experience and neurotransmission; however findings have not been straightforward. Microglial cells are the most morphologically plastic element of the CNS. This unique feature confers them the possibility to locally sense activity, and to respond adequately by establishing synaptic contacts to regulate synaptic inputs by the secretion of signaling molecules. Indeed, microglial cells can hold new roles as critical players in maintaining brain homeostasis and regulating synaptic number, maturation and plasticity. For this reason, a better characterization of microglial cells and cues mediating neuron-to-microglia communication under physiological conditions may help advance our understanding of the microglial behavior and its regulation in the healthy brain. This review highlights recent findings on the instructive role of neuronal activity on microglial motility and microglia-synapse interactions, focusing on the main transmitters involved in this communication and including newly described communication at the tripartite synapse.
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Microglial function is highly dependent on baseline motility, which consists of the extension, retraction, and movement of microglial processes, allowing membrane ruffling.
“Microglial function is highly dependent on baseline motility, which consists of the extension, retraction, and movement of microglial processes [37, 70], allowing membrane ruffling.”
From Enhanced microglial dynamics and a paucity of tau seeding in the amyloid plaque microenvironment contribute to cognitive resilience in Alzheimer’s disease (2024) · cites this paper as [37]
The Introduction (page unavailable) defines microglial motility as the continual extension and retraction of processes while the soma remains stationary. It says rapid process motility could be compatible with certain synaptic functions, but does not establish that microglial function is highly dependent on baseline motility. The Role of Purines section reports membrane ruffling after ATP signaling in vitro, not as a general consequence of baseline motility. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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- Authors
- Hristovska, I., & Pascual, O.
- Affiliations
- Lyon 1 Université (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Pascual, Olivier
- ORCID
- Pascual, Olivier
- Venue
- Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2016-01-19
- Volume
- 9
- Pages
- 73-73
- ISSN
- 1662-5145 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4717304
- OpenAlex
- W2288003409
- Cited by
- 92
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 0.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Keywords
- microglia, resting microglia, microglial morphology, microglial motility, synaptic connectivity, neuronal activity, neuron-microglia communication, neurotransmission, tripartite synapse, synaptic plasticity, brain homeostasis
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