The DOI matches its Crossref record; 52 of the 52 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 292 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Nutrition education and behavioral interventions in youth team-sport and related development settings: a systematic review of nutrition knowledge, dietary behaviors, hydration, body composition, and performance
Open accessAbstract
Introduction: Nutrition knowledge and the ability to translate it into appropriate food and hydration choices are important for health, development, recovery, and performance in young athletes. However, evidence on nutrition interventions in youth team-sport settings remains dispersed across sports, educational formats, and outcome domains. This systematic review aimed to synthesize evidence on nutrition education, hydration education, dietary counseling, digital tools, controlled dietary modification, and multicomponent interventions in child, adolescent, and late-adolescent development settings. Methods: The review followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO (CRD420261441507). PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, SPORTDiscus/EBSCO, and Cochrane CENTRAL were searched from inception to 3 July 2026. Two reviewers independently screened reports, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias using RoB 2 or ROBINS-I. Because of substantial heterogeneity in interventions and outcomes, findings were synthesized narratively. Results: Database searches identified 419 records. After duplicate removal and screening, 46 full-text reports were assessed, 19 were excluded, and 27 unique studies were included. Soccer/football predominated, with additional evidence from volleyball, basketball, handball, baseball, hockey, American football, and mixed-sport settings. Nutrition and sports nutrition knowledge showed the most consistent favorable changes. Findings for dietary intake, diet quality, body composition, biochemical markers, and performance were mixed. Hydration interventions showed clearer short-term improvements when education was combined with practical cues, improved fluid access, feedback, or individualized prescriptions. Discussion: Nutrition interventions in youth team-sport and related development settings may support knowledge acquisition and selected hydration behaviors, but their effects on dietary behavior and physiological outcomes remain uncertain. Confidence in the evidence is limited by small samples, short follow-up periods, heterogeneous measures, reliance on self-report, incomplete fidelity reporting, and risk-of-bias concerns. Future trials should use validated age-appropriate measures, objective outcomes, longer follow-up, prespecified analyses, and implementation strategies involving athletes, families, coaches, schools, and clubs. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420261441507 , CRD420261441507.
Overview
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TL;DR
This PRISMA-registered systematic review synthesized 27 unique intervention studies (1,799 athlete participants) of nutrition education, hydration education, counseling, digital tools, and multicomponent programs in youth team-sport and related development settings. Nutrition and sports nutrition knowledge improved most consistently, while effects on dietary intake, body composition, biochemical markers, and performance were mixed; hydration showed the clearest short-term objective changes when education was paired with practical cues, fluid access, feedback, or individualized prescriptions.
Key findings
- Nutrition/sports nutrition knowledge was the outcome with the most consistent favorable changes across workbook, classroom, digital, counseling, and dietitian-led programs. Examples: Nascimento et al. reported adolescent total knowledge rising from 73.6 ± 15.0 to 84.6 ± 11.0 (p < 0.05); Stewart et al. reported knowledge increasing at 6 weeks (13.22 ± 4.41 to 21.56 ± 9.29; p < 0.01) but not at 12 weeks (14.50 ± 5.18 to 15.42 ± 3.95; p = 0.38); IDEHA-F found higher post-intervention knowledge in the intervention vs. control group (3.42 vs. 2.53/5; p < 0.001) but did not measure baseline knowledge.
- Knowledge gains did not reliably translate into dietary change. Zeng et al. improved knowledge without significant change in dietary behavior or adjusted Dietary Balance Index; Aytekin and Koç increased knowledge without significant Diet Quality Index change; Vicente et al. and Veloso-Pulgar and Farran-Codina improved knowledge without significant change in Mediterranean diet adherence, intake, or body composition.
- Hydration interventions produced the clearest short-term objective signals. Kavouras et al. improved urine specific gravity/osmolality and 600-m run performance with a lecture plus urine-color charts and improved water access; Atkins et al. improved urine specific gravity and water intake at 3 days but effects were attenuated at 24 days; Cleary et al. found a one-time education session alone insufficient to maintain body mass, whereas an individualized sweat-rate-based prescription was.
- Body composition, biochemical, and performance findings were inconsistent and often confounded by growth, maturation, co-interventions (e.g., FIFA 11+, vitamin D supplementation, controlled dietary modification), or lack of a comparator.
Methods
- Systematic review following PRISMA 2020, registered in PROSPERO (CRD420261441507); searches of PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, SPORTDiscus/EBSCO, and Cochrane CENTRAL from inception to 31 July 2026 (abstract states 3 July 2026), with no date or language restrictions.
- Two reviewers independently screened, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias (RoB 2 for randomized trials; ROBINS-I or adapted ROBINS-I for non-randomized and before-after studies). Narrative synthesis was used because meta-analysis was not feasible.
- Searches identified 370 records (56 PubMed, 151 Scopus, 87 Web of Science, 41 SPORTDiscus/EBSCO, 35 Cochrane CENTRAL) per the Results section; after 165 duplicates removed, 205 records were screened, 46 full texts assessed, and 27 unique studies included (1,799 participants; 1,781 child/adolescent; female participants 32.2% of those with reported sex, 537/1,668). Note: the abstract reports 419 records, which is inconsistent with the Results section.
Limitations
- Stated: heterogeneity, small samples, short follow-up, incomplete intervention reporting, predominance of pilot and non-randomized designs, and inability to perform meta-analysis; formal GRADE ratings were not generated, so conclusions are descriptive rather than graded recommendations. Some studies were mixed-sport, recreational, school, or older development-phase contexts and thus indirect for competitive youth team sport. Several interventions combined education with training, supplementation, dietary modification, or environmental support, limiting causal attribution. The electronic search strategy used named sports and an outcome block, which may have reduced sensitivity, and one report could not be retrieved.
- Stated risk-of-bias findings: RoB 2 judgments of randomized studies were overall "some concerns"; ROBINS-I judgments for non-randomized and pre-post studies ranged from moderate to serious, with Nascimento et al. and Stewart et al. judged at serious overall risk.
- Evident from the text: dietary assessment relied on self-report (24-h recalls, food records, food-frequency/screening questionnaires, photographic records, diet-quality indices), which the authors note is vulnerable to reactivity, recall and social-desirability bias, and under-reporting; no included study used a formal multidimensional measure of nutritional health literacy; several body-composition findings were statistically significant but not interpretable given uncontrolled growth and maturation.
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“Nutrition and sports nutrition knowledge showed the most consistent favorable changes.”
§ Nutrition education and behavioral interventions in youth team-sport and related development settings: a systematic review of nutrition knowledge, dietary behaviors, hydration, body composition, and performance > Abstract > Results
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“Hydration interventions showed clearer short-term improvements when education was combined with practical cues, improved fluid access, feedback, or individualized prescriptions.”
§ Nutrition education and behavioral interventions in youth team-sport and related development settings: a systematic review of nutrition knowledge, dietary behaviors, hydration, body composition, and performance > Abstract > Results
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Findings for dietary intake, diet quality, body composition, biochemical markers, and performance were mixed.”
§ Nutrition education and behavioral interventions in youth team-sport and related development settings: a systematic review of nutrition knowledge, dietary behaviors, hydration, body composition, and performance > Abstract > Results
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“Across the 27 unique studies, 1,799 athlete participants contributed to final or analyzed samples.”
§ Nutrition education and behavioral interventions in youth team-sport and related development settings: a systematic review of nutrition knowledge, dietary behaviors, hydration, body composition, and performance > Results > Study characteristics
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“Twenty-seven unique studies (7, 8, 11, 13–24, 28–39) were included.”
§ Nutrition education and behavioral interventions in youth team-sport and related development settings: a systematic review of nutrition knowledge, dietary behaviors, hydration, body composition, and performance > Results > Study selection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] McDermott, 2009, Hydration status, sweat rates, and rehydration education of youth football campers, J Sport Rehabil source
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- Not checked yetcites [8] Atkins, 2021, Effects of hydration educational intervention in high school football players, J Strength Cond Res source
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- Not checked yetcites [11] Fernández-Álvarez, 2020, A nutrition education intervention in adolescents who play soccer: the IDEHA-F project, Psicothema source
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- Not checked yetcites [13] Şentürk, 2025, Enhancing sports nutrition knowledge in adolescent football players, Gençlik Araştırmaları Dergisi source
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- Not checked yetcites [14] Vicente, 2025, Effectiveness of a nutrition education Programme on nutritional knowledge in young football players: a pilot study, Nutrients source
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- Not checked yetcites [15] Patton-Lopez, 2018, Changes in sport nutrition knowledge, attitudes/beliefs and behaviors following a two-year sport nutrition education and life-skills intervention among high school soccer players, Nutrients source
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- Not checked yetcites [16] Ueda, 2021, Nutrition education programme changes food intake and baseball performance in high-school students, Health Educ J source
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- Not checked yetcites [17] Grabia, 2022, Effects of dietary intervention and education on selected biochemical parameters and nutritional habits of young soccer players, Nutrients source
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- Not checked yetcites [18] Debnath, 2023, Impact of nutrition education programme and controlled dietary modification on nutritional status in young male athletes, Hum Nutr Metab source
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- Not checked yetcites [19] Simsek, 2026, The effect of sports-based nutrition education on dietary habits and anthropometric measurements of adolescent male soccer players, Sport Sci Health source
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In the paper
§ Nutrition education and behavioral interventions in youth team-sport and related development settings: a systematic review of nutrition knowledge, dietary behaviors, hydration, body composition, and performance > Abstract > Results
“Database searches identified 419 records.”
§ Nutrition education and behavioral interventions in youth team-sport and related development settings: a systematic review of nutrition knowledge, dietary behaviors, hydration, body composition, and performance > Results > Study selection
“The database searches identified 370 records: 56 from PubMed/MEDLINE, 151 from Scopus, 87 from Web of Science, 41 from SPORTDiscus/EBSCO, and 35 from Cochrane CENTRAL.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Nutrition education and behavioral interventions in youth team-sport and related development settings: a systematic review of nutrition knowledge, dietary behaviors, hydration, body composition, and performance > Abstract > Methods
“PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, SPORTDiscus/EBSCO, and Cochrane CENTRAL were searched from inception to 3 July 2026.”
§ Nutrition education and behavioral interventions in youth team-sport and related development settings: a systematic review of nutrition knowledge, dietary behaviors, hydration, body composition, and performance > Materials and methods > Information sources and search strategy
“PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, SPORTDiscus via EBSCO, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched from database inception to 31 July 2026.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Nutrition education and behavioral interventions in youth team-sport and related development settings: a systematic review of nutrition knowledge, dietary behaviors, hydration, body composition, and performance > Results > Study characteristics
“Sánchez-Díaz et al. (9) | Spain; 23 elite U14 basketball players from a professional academy.”
§ Nutrition education and behavioral interventions in youth team-sport and related development settings: a systematic review of nutrition knowledge, dietary behaviors, hydration, body composition, and performance > References
“9. Sánchez-Díaz S Yanci J Castillo D Scanlan AT Raya-González J. Effects of nutrition education interventions in team sport players. A systematic review.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Victoria-Montesinos, D., García-Muñoz, A. M., Mercader-Ros, M. T., Jaraba-Salinero, Y., & Figueroa-Morales, F.
- Affiliations
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia
- Universidad Católica de Murcia (ES)
- Venue
- Frontiers in Nutrition
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2026-08-24
- Volume
- 13
- Pages
- 1939289-1939289
- ISSN
- 2296-861X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC13547255
- OpenAlex
- W7204094556
- Cited by
- 1
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1
- FWCI
- 0.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- nutrition education, youth athletes, hydration education, dietary behavior, nutrition knowledge, body composition, athletic performance, nutrition counseling, multicomponent intervention, soccer, adolescent development, diet quality
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-14, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-14 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
