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Cited by 38Smart Cities and TechnologiesE-Government and Public ServicesPublic Administration in Developing Nations

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 120 of the 120 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 19 of the 27 sources its claims cite were checked for support.

Smart city governance and interoperability: enhancing human security in Yogyakarta and Makassar, Indonesia

Open access
Hardi, Rudi, Nurmandi, Achmad, Purwaningsih, Titin, Manaf, Halimah Abdul·2025·Frontiers in Political Science
DOI 10.3389/fpos.2025.1553177
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Abstract

Introduction: The global expansion of smart cities has reshaped urban governance; however, their heavy reliance on technological innovation often undermines human security, leading to fragmented, unsustainable, and exclusionary systems that fail to meet the needs of vulnerable populations. This study examines the impact of interoperability on smart city governance (SCG) and its role in enhancing human security in Yogyakarta and Makassar, Indonesia. Methods: The research explores how interoperability is developed through design processes, government alignment, policy fit, user engagement, change management, governance structure, and service consumption. Data were collected from 315 respondents across 47 government agencies and analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Results: The findings indicate that interoperability significantly strengthens SCG and enhances human security. Cross-sector collaboration emerged as a key driver of innovation. Despite challenges such as regulatory resistance and data fragmentation, alignment with the national digital strategy, SPBE policy, and Indonesia’s One Data initiative facilitates system integration. Discussion and conclusion: This study shifts the focus of smart city development from technological advancement to addressing urban vulnerabilities. It provides a blueprint for cities like Yogyakarta and Makassar to integrate local policy frameworks with global standards, thereby promoting responsive and equitable urban governance.

Overview

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

Interoperability attributes significantly shape smart city governance (SCG) in Yogyakarta and Makassar, with design process, service consumption, user interaction, and change management generally strengthening SCG, while government process alignment and governance contribution show negative direct effects. The authors frame these findings as a route to enhancing human security by making urban governance more inclusive and responsive.

Key findings

  • Design process had a strong positive effect on SCG (path coefficient 0.561, T = 6.395, p = 0.000) and on service consumption (0.631, T = 10.629, p = 0.000); service consumption also positively affected SCG (0.360, T = 4.097, p = 0.000).
  • Interaction with users positively affected SCG (0.124, T = 2.561, p = 0.010) and service consumption (0.216, T = 3.513, p = 0.000); change management positively affected government process alignment (0.496, T = 7.101, p = 0.000) and SCG (0.081, T = 2.035, p = 0.042).
  • Government process alignment had a significant negative direct effect on SCG (−0.188, T = 3.665, p = 0.000) and an insignificant effect on service consumption (0.063, p = 0.328); compatibility with policies and regulations positively affected SCG (0.086, T = 2.570, p = 0.010) but not service consumption (−0.002, p = 0.958).
  • Governance contribution had a significant negative direct effect on SCG (−0.074, T = 2.646, p = 0.008), though its indirect effect through design process was positive (0.081906); the paper reports Cronbach’s alpha for all variables between 0.931 and 0.985.

Methods

  • Quantitative study using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to test hypotheses about interoperability attributes and SCG.
  • Data collected from 315 respondents across 47 government agencies in Yogyakarta and Makassar; the survey included 93 statement items across eight variables (elsewhere described as 95 items) measured on a 5-point Likert scale.
  • Analysis included construct reliability and validity testing (Cronbach’s alpha, composite reliability, AVE), discriminant validity via HTMT, and path coefficient estimation.

Limitations

  • The paper states that focusing on Yogyakarta and Makassar limits generalizability to cities with different socio-political, economic, and technological contexts; reliance on government agency data may not capture private sector, civil society, or marginalized community perspectives; and integrating local policy with global standards risks overlooking tensions between global norms and local priorities.
  • Evident from the text: the study measures SCG and interoperability attributes rather than human security outcomes directly, and the HTMT values for design process (0.843) and service consumption (0.802) indicate very high correlation with SCG, which the authors say may require further analysis for adequate discriminant validity.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3389/fpos.2025.1553177

Cites

120 of 120 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

19 of 27 cited sources checked · 7 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation
    § 1 Introduction

    Smart city governance plays a critical role in enhancing government process efficiency.

    “Smart city governance plays a critical role in improving public service standards (Gao et al., 2020; Tan and Taeihagh, 2020) and enhancing government process efficiency (Gracias et al., 2023; Kuzior et al., 2023).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Gracias et al., 2023 source

      Section 3.3.2 (Governance; page unavailable) says smart city applications in governance can transform city operations and that smart city technology can improve the efficiency of public services. Section 3.5 also identifies streamlined permitting as a possible smart city project. These passages support a link to more efficient government processes, but frame it as a potential benefit rather than establishing that governance plays a critical role in producing it. (LLM, conf=0.83)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Kuzior et al., 2023 source
  • Premisecitation
    § 1 Introduction

    Yogyakarta and Makassar are pioneering innovative smart city solutions to meet urban governance challenges.

    “Yogyakarta (Hamdala et al., 2022) dan Makassar (Madani and Nasrulhaq, 2017), two key urban centers in Indonesia, are pioneering innovative smart city solutions to meet these challenges.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Hamdala et al., 2022 source
    • cites Madani and Nasrulhaq, 2017 source
  • Premisecitation
    § 1 Introduction

    Smart city governance plays a critical role in improving public service standards.

    “Smart city governance plays a critical role in improving public service standards (Gao et al., 2020; Tan and Taeihagh, 2020) and enhancing government process efficiency (Gracias et al., 2023; Kuzior et al., 2023).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Gao et al., 2020 source
    • cites Tan and Taeihagh, 2020 source
  • Premisecitation

    Enhancing interoperability in service consumption is integral to strengthening smart city governance.

    “Enhancing interoperability in service consumption is integral to strengthening smart city governance (SCG), as it ensures adherence to service standards, data protection, security, and compliance, thereby fostering citizen trust and satisfaction (Hernández et al., 2020; Schuch et al., 2024).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Hernández et al., 2020 source

      Section 3.1 describes interoperability from data collection through consumption by services, and the Conclusions say interoperable data exchange enables services for citizens. The Conclusions also say interoperability alone does not address privacy, security or GDPR; separate data-governance procedures are needed. Our copy does not establish that these measures foster citizen trust or satisfaction. (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Schuch et al., 2024 source

      The Abstract says smart-city digital services must be interoperable and integrated, and that data flowing through integration processes must be protected against unauthorized access. It does not connect interoperability to stronger smart city governance or address service standards, compliance, citizen trust, or satisfaction. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Increased interaction with users plays a pivotal role in enhancing smart city services and smart city governance by fostering a citizen-centered approach.

    “Increased interaction with users (IwU) plays a pivotal role in enhancing smart city services (SC) and smart city governance (SCG) by fostering a citizen-centered approach that values user engagement as a driving force for service usage and collaborative governance (Lee, 2023).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lee, 2023 source
  • Probably not a substantial claim. 24
  • It may state two separate claims as one. 18
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Smart city governance is a multi-dimensional approach that integrates technology, policy, and citizen engagement to drive sustainable urban development.

    “However, the concept of a smart city extends beyond mere technological advancements; it includes smart city governance (Gracias et al., 2023), a multi-dimensional approach that integrates technology, policy, and citizen engagement to drive sustainable urban development.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Gracias et al., 2023 source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § 1 Introduction

    The implementation of interoperable systems in Yogyakarta and Makassar streamlines administrative processes, enhances transparency and accessibility, strengthens trust, and fosters greater citizen participation.

    “The implementation of interoperable systems in these cities not only streamlines administrative processes but also enhances transparency and accessibility, strengthening trust and fostering greater citizen participation (Mańka-Szulik and Krawczyk, 2022).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Mańka-Szulik and Krawczyk, 2022 source

      The Literature Review (page not available) says digital services can improve access and may increase social participation; the discussion following Fig. 4 says digitization can simplify procedures. But the paper concerns Zabrze, not Yogyakarta or Makassar, and does not establish that interoperable systems were implemented in those cities or that they increased transparency and trust. (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation
    § 1 Introduction

    Interoperability is a cornerstone of smart city governance.

    “Interoperability, defined as the ability of diverse systems and organizations to work together seamlessly through standardized data, processes, and protocols, is a cornerstone of smart city governance (Quek et al., 2023).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Quek et al., 2023 source

      The Introduction defines interoperability as tools and systems being able to understand and use one another’s functions, and says its absence inhibits knowledge sharing and collaboration in smart cities. This supports its importance to smart city governance, but the citing sentence’s definition adds organizations working together through standardized data, processes, and protocols; the paper instead treats working in the same data format as compatibility. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § 1 Introduction

    The success of smart city governance largely depends on the capacity for technological and institutional innovation, which mediates the interaction between governance practices and stakeholder outcomes, thereby enhancing overall effectiveness.

    “Under this paradigm, the success of smart city governance largely depends on the capacity for technological and institutional innovation, which mediates the interaction between governance practices and stakeholder outcomes, thereby enhancing overall effectiveness (Bokhari and Seunghwan, 2024; Myeong and Bokhari, 2023).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Bokhari and Seunghwan, 2024 source
    • cites Myeong and Bokhari, 2023 source

      Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § 1 Introduction

    Institutional theory emphasizes that the institutional environment shapes smart governance practices, with different institutional arrangements leading to varying implementations of smart city initiatives.

    “Institutional theory emphasizes the significance of the institutional environment in shaping smart governance practices, where different institutional arrangements can lead to varying implementations of smart city initiatives (Tomor et al., 2021).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Tomor et al., 2021 source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The Electronic-Based Government System (SPBE) framework promotes an integrated electronic government system by reducing redundancies and enhancing public service delivery.

    “the Electronic-Based Government System (SPBE) framework promotes an integrated electronic government system by reducing redundancies and enhancing public service delivery through interoperable systems and collaborative governance practices (Asianto et al., 2023).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Asianto et al., 2023 source

      The Abstract says SPBE governance is intended to implement SPBE in an integrated manner and requires harmonization between national and regional SPBE. The Introduction links integrated IT-based processes with added value for public services. Our copy does not say that SPBE reduces redundancies or that interoperable systems and collaborative governance practices are the means by which it improves service delivery. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

    Premisecitation

    Effective coordination among government agencies is essential to prevent fragmented efforts and resource duplication.

    “Effective coordination among government agencies is essential to prevent fragmented efforts and resource duplication, a challenge that remains a significant barrier to achieving interoperability in smart city governance (Sienkiewicz-Małyjurek, 2022).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Sienkiewicz-Małyjurek, 2022 source

      Section 2.1 says public safety management requires inter-agency collaboration and that working together requires harmonising activities through coordination. The Implications section discusses problems in combining agencies’ tasks, but the paper does not establish that coordination prevents fragmented efforts or resource duplication, or connect those problems to interoperability in smart city governance. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Interoperability in Smart City Governance necessitates the alignment of policies and standards among systems and entities, with conformance testing serving as a critical mechanism to validate compliance.

    “Interoperability in Smart City Governance necessitates the alignment of policies and standards among systems and entities, with conformance testing serving as a critical mechanism to validate compliance and facilitate seamless data exchange, integration, and collaboration (Sylim et al., 2022).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Sylim et al., 2022 source

      The ‘Definition and Components of Interoperability’ section says eHealth systems and providers must agree on exchange practices and meet criteria to be certified for health-information exchange. ‘Organizational Interoperability through Regulation and Ethical Standards’ also links standards and regulation to interoperability. The paper addresses Philippine eHealth, not Smart City Governance, and the passages do not identify conformance testing as the mechanism for validating compliance. (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Composite reliability (rho_a and rho_c) for all variables is above 0.7, confirming construct reliability.

    “The combined reliability score (rho_a and rho_c) is also above the recommended threshold of 0.7, which further confirms the reliability of the construct.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Cronbach's alpha for all variables exceeds 0.7 (between 0.931 and 0.985), indicating high internal consistency.

    “Cronbach’s alpha value for all variables exceeds the generally accepted threshold (i.e., between 0.931 and 0.985) of 0.7, which indicates high internal consistency.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Compatibility policies and regulations and Governance Contributions show very high reliability and validity, with Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability approaching 1, and AVE values well above 0.8.

    “In particular, constructions related to Compatibility policies and regulations as well as Governance Contributions show very high reliability and validity, with Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability values approaching 1, and AVE values well above 0.8.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Most variables show good discriminatory validity with SCG, except Design Process (0.843) and Service Consumption (0.802) which show a very high correlation.

    “most of the variables show good discriminatory validity with Smart City Governance, except for Design Process (0.843) and Service Consumption (0.802) which show a very high correlation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingreasoning

    The indirect effect of IwU on SCG through SC is 0.07776.

    “This finding suggests that increased SC substantially improves SCG, contributing an additional 0.07776 to SCG through SC.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingreasoning

    The indirect effect of GPA on SCG via Service Consumption is minimal and not statistically significant, with a value of 0.02268.

    “the indirect effect of GPA on SCG via Service Consumption (SC) is minimal and not statistically significant. This effect, calculated by multiplying the path coefficients of the two relationships, results in a small positive value of 0.02268.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationown data

    GPA and SCG are separate but related constructs.

    “indicating that GPA and SCG are separate but related constructs.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The survey information reflects the interoperability attribute framework toward smart city governance.

    “This shows that respondents are familiar with the city governance system in both regions, and the survey information reflects the interoperability attribute framework toward smart city governance.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Smart city governance involves the use of Information and Communication Technologies to transform efficiency, share information with the public, and improve government services.

    “Smart city governance involves the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to transform efficiency, share information with the public, and improve government services, which is especially important given the growing urban population and the need for more effective public services (Raghava Rao and Kumar, 2022).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Raghava Rao and Kumar, 2022 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisereasoning
    § 1 Introduction

    Interoperability facilitates real-time decision-making, efficient service delivery, and cross-sector collaboration.

    “By enabling the integration of data from various sources, interoperability facilitates real-time decision-making, efficient service delivery, and cross-sector collaboration.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation
    § 1 Introduction

    Network governance highlights the necessity of collaborative networks that engage multiple stakeholders in co-creating solutions to address limitations of traditional governance structures and foster innovation.

    “Complementarily, network governance highlights the necessity of collaborative networks that engage multiple stakeholders in co-creating solutions, aiming to address the limitations of traditional governance structures and foster innovation (Bolívar, 2018, 2016).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bolívar, 2018, 2016

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 4 Research methods and design

    Effective management of interoperability can mitigate urban vulnerabilities and enhance socio-economic inclusiveness.

    “This model highlights how effective management of interoperability can mitigate urban vulnerabilities and enhance socio-economic inclusiveness.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationown data

    There is a very close relationship between smart city governance and the Design Process and service consumption.

    “This suggests that there is a very close relationship between smart city governance and the Design Process and service consumption, which may require further analysis to ensure adequate validity of discrimination.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given
    § 4 Research methods and design

    The survey instrument's 93 statement items across eight variables were rigorously tested to ensure validity and reliability.

    “The survey included 93 statement items across eight variables, rigorously tested to ensure both the validity and reliability of the data.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Most respondents are very familiar with interoperability and smart city activities.

    “This shows that most of the respondents are very familiar with interoperability and smart city activities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given
    § 7 Conclusion

    User engagement, change management, and governance contributions are important elements that strengthen the relationship between government and citizens, supporting transparency and accountability in decision-making.

    “User engagement, change management, and governance contributions are also important elements that strengthen the relationship between government and citizens, supporting transparency and accountability in decision-making.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 8 Limitations

    Reliance on data collected from government agencies may not fully capture the perspectives of other key stakeholders, potentially leading to a partial understanding of the broader dynamics affecting SCG and human security.

    “the reliance on data collected from government agencies, while extensive, may not fully capture the perspectives of other key stakeholders, such as private sector actors, civil society organizations, or marginalized communities, potentially leading to a partial understanding of the broader dynamics affecting SCG and human security.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given
    § 6 Discussion

    Both Yogyakarta and Makassar demonstrate how interoperability strengthens human security by addressing urban vulnerabilities, providing a robust model for scalable and adaptive urban governance.

    “Although differing in governance frameworks, both cities demonstrate how interoperability strengthens human security by addressing urban vulnerabilities, providing a robust model for scalable and adaptive urban governance.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The relationships estimated by the SEM-PLS model represent causal impacts rather than mere associations.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 8 Limitations

    The study's emphasis on integrating local policy frameworks with global standards risks overlooking potential tensions between global norms and local priorities.

    “the study’s emphasis on integrating local policy frameworks with global standards offers a valuable blueprint but risks overlooking potential tensions between global norms and local priorities, particularly in addressing cultural and institutional specificities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

    Interpretationnone given
    § 7 Conclusion

    Overall, interoperability, when aligned with human security principles, is an important foundation for realizing inclusive, effective, and sustainable smart city governance.

    “Overall, this study underscores that interoperability, when aligned with human security principles, is an important foundation for realizing inclusive, effective, and sustainable smart city governance.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    The diversity of regulations and standards across jurisdictions creates integration challenges that are crucial for advancing smart city initiatives.

    “The diversity of regulations and standards across jurisdictions creates integration challenges that are crucial for advancing smart city initiatives (He et al., 2022).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites He et al., 2022

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Adherence to the One Data Indonesia initiative is essential for ensuring high-quality, accountable data.

    “adherence to the One Data Indonesia initiative is essential for ensuring high-quality, accountable data, which underpins effective decision-making processes and strengthens data interoperability (Okafor et al., 2023).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Okafor et al., 2023

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 8 Limitations

    The focus on Yogyakarta and Makassar limits the generalizability of the results to other cities with different socio-political, economic, and technological contexts.

    “its focus on Yogyakarta and Makassar limits the generalizability of the results to other cities with different socio-political, economic, and technological contexts”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given
    § 7 Conclusion

    Technology infrastructure such as IoT and cloud play a significant role in supporting smart service integration, strengthening efficiency, and supporting city sustainability.

    “technology infrastructure such as IoT and cloud play a significant role in supporting smart service integration, strengthening efficiency, and supporting city sustainability.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationown data

    The study demonstrates that both CM and GPA significantly and positively contribute to SCG.

    “The study demonstrates that both CM and GPA significantly and positively contribute to SCG, with CM playing a crucial role through staff restructuring, training, and interoperability learning.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The relationships estimated by the SEM-PLS model represent causal impacts rather than mere associations.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given
    § 7 Conclusion

    Interoperability processes that include cross-sector collaboration, use of international standards, and adjustments to local contexts have been shown to improve service quality and public trust.

    “Interoperability processes that include cross-sector collaboration, use of international standards, and adjustments to local contexts have been shown to improve service quality and public trust.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

    Premisecitation

    Interoperability, defined by standardized protocols and strategic procurement, ensures that diverse systems communicate effectively, fostering a secure and adaptive urban infrastructure.

    “Interoperability—defined by standardized protocols and strategic procurement (Seth et al., 2025)—ensures that diverse systems communicate effectively, fostering a secure and adaptive urban infrastructure.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Seth et al., 2025

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

35 of 35

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Smart cities' heavy reliance on technological innovation often undermines human security, leading to fragmented, unsustainable, and exclusionary systems that fail to meet the needs of vulnerable populations.

    “The global expansion of smart cities has reshaped urban governance; however, their heavy reliance on technological innovation often undermines human security, leading to fragmented, unsustainable, and exclusionary systems that fail to meet the needs of vulnerable populations.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The relationships estimated by the SEM-PLS model represent causal impacts rather than mere associations.

    “The interoperability attribute of process design significantly affects SCG (H1).”
2 of 2

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • H6 discussion assigns the wrong coefficient and result

    Major

    The discussion calls H6 a significant government-process-alignment effect on design process with a coefficient of 0.146. H6 is the policies-and-regulations effect on design process; Table 5 reports its coefficient as 0.089, with p = 0.116 and a rejected decision.

  • Discussion reverses GPA's contribution to SCG

    Major

    The discussion says GPA contributes significantly and positively to SCG, whereas Table 5 reports a significant negative coefficient of −0.188.

  • Discussion calls GPA's effect on SCG insignificant

    Major

    The discussion says GPA does not significantly influence SCG, but Table 5 reports a significant GPA-to-SCG path (p = 0.000).

  • Survey instrument has two different item counts

    Minor

    The methods section says the survey included 93 statement items, then says the research instrument measured 95 items.

4 of 4

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Lupo, 2021, Lawyers and smart technologies: experiences of apps’ development in a justice environment, 177
  2. Okafor, 2023, Data quality assessment in smart cities datafication, Paper presented at AoIR2023: The 24th Annual Conference of the Association of Internet Researchers., 2

Cited by

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Metadata

Authors
Hardi, R., Nurmandi, A., Purwaningsih, T., & Manaf, H. A.
Affiliations
Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta (ID)
Corresponding author
Hardi, Rudi
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Political Science
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2025-03-05
Volume
7
ISSN
2673-3145 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fpos.2025.1553177
OpenAlex
W4408248466
Semantic Scholar
13f5f71f550e08e5909062072ac25784c4bed3d4
Cited by
38
References
116
Citations by year
2026: 29 · 2025: 9
FWCI
23.60
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Political Science (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Smart Cities and Technologies
  • Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › E-Government and Public Services
  • Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Public Administration in Developing Nations
Keywords
smart city governance, interoperability, human security, urban governance, intersectoral collaboration, vulnerable populations, data fragmentation, Yogyakarta, Makassar

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-07, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).

A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-07 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).

Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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