EEG Signal Diversity Varies With Sleep Stage and Aspects of Dream Experience
Open accessAbstract
Several theories link consciousness to complex cortical dynamics, as suggested by comparison of brain signal diversity between conscious states and states where consciousness is lost or reduced. In particular, Lempel-Ziv complexity, amplitude coalition entropy and synchrony coalition entropy distinguish wakefulness and REM sleep from deep sleep and anesthesia, and are elevated in psychedelic states, reported to increase the range and vividness of conscious contents. Some studies have even found correlations between complexity measures and facets of self-reported experience. As suggested by integrated information theory and the entropic brain hypothesis, measures of differentiation and signal diversity may therefore be measurable correlates of consciousness and phenomenological richness. Inspired by these ideas, we tested three hypotheses about EEG signal diversity related to sleep and dreaming. First, diversity should decrease with successively deeper stages of non-REM sleep. Second, signal diversity within the same sleep stage should be higher for periods of dreaming vs. non-dreaming. Third, specific aspects of dream contents should correlate with signal diversity in corresponding cortical regions. We employed a repeated awakening paradigm in sleep deprived healthy volunteers, with immediate dream report and rating of dream content along a thought-perceptual axis, from exclusively thought-like to exclusively perceptual. Generalized linear mixed models were used to assess how signal diversity varied with sleep stage, dreaming and thought-perceptual rating. Signal diversity decreased with sleep depth, but was not significantly different between dreaming and non-dreaming, even though there was a significant positive correlation between Lempel-Ziv complexity of EEG recorded over the posterior cortex and thought-perceptual ratings of dream contents.
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Two studies attempting to correlate the diversity of dreams with EEG signal complexity resulted in null or conflicting findings.
“This uncertainty is further emphasized by two studies attempting to correlate the diversity of dreams with EEG signal complexity, resulting in null or conflicting findings.42,43”
From We are the Sensors of Consciousness! A Review and Analysis on How Awakenings During Sleep Influence Dream Recall (2025) · cites this paper as [42]
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports mixed findings: EEG signal diversity did not differ significantly between NREM2 periods with and without dream reports, but posterior Lempel-Ziv complexity correlated significantly with thought–perceptual ratings of dream content. The study did not collect ratings of dream-experience richness, so it did not directly test whether the diversity or richness of dreams correlated with EEG complexity. This verdict addresses this source only, not the other study cited in the sentence. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- Aamodt, A., Nilsen, A. S., Thürer, B., Moghadam, F. H., Kauppi, N., Juel, B. E., & Storm, J. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Oslo (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Aamodt, Arnfinn
- Storm, Johan Frederik
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2021-04-23
- Volume
- 12
- Pages
- 655884-655884
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8102678
- OpenAlex
- W3159763479
- Cited by
- 23
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 2.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Norges Forskningsråd
- Horizon 2020
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Keywords
- sleep stages, REM sleep, NREM sleep, dreams, dream content, Lempel-Ziv complexity, consciousness, sleep deprivation, posterior cortex, integrated information theory
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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