Retrieval-Based Learning: Positive Effects of Retrieval Practice in Elementary School Children
Open accessAbstract
A wealth of research has demonstrated that practicing retrieval is a powerful way to enhance learning. However, nearly all prior research has examined retrieval practice with college students. Little is known about retrieval practice in children, and even less is known about possible individual differences in retrieval practice. In three experiments, 88 children (mean age 10 years) studied a list of words and either restudied the items or practiced retrieving them. They then took a final free recall test (Experiments 1 and 2) or recognition test (Experiment 3). In all experiments, children showed robust retrieval practice effects. Although a range of individual differences in reading comprehension and processing speed were observed among these children, the benefits of retrieval practice were independent of these factors. The results contribute to the growing body of research supporting the mnemonic benefits of retrieval practice and provide preliminary evidence that practicing retrieval may be an effective learning strategy for children with varying levels of reading comprehension and processing speed.
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COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY IN ONLINE ENGLISH CLASSES
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- Authors
- Karpicke, J. D., Blunt, J. R., & Smith, M. A.
- Affiliations
- Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
- Corresponding author
- Karpicke, Jeffrey D.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2016-03-11
- Volume
- 7
- Pages
- 350-350
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4786565
- OpenAlex
- W2319294254
- Cited by
- 82
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 4.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Institute of Education Sciences (R305A110903)
- National Science Foundation (DRL-1149363, DUE-1245476)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Second Language Acquisition and Learning
- Keywords
- retrieval practice, elementary school students, individual differences, reading comprehension, processing speed, free recall, recognition memory, restudying, learning strategies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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