A Meta-Analytic Review of the Benefit of Spacing out Retrieval Practice Episodes on Retention

Latimier, Alice; Peyre, Hugo; Ramus, Franck

doi:10.1007/s10648-020-09572-8

Cited by 97Memory Processes and InfluencesVisual and Cognitive Learning ProcessesInnovative Teaching and Learning Methods

A Meta-Analytic Review of the Benefit of Spacing out Retrieval Practice Episodes on Retention

Latimier, Alice, Peyre, Hugo, Ramus, Franck·2021·Educational Psychology Review

DOI 10.1007/s10648-020-09572-8

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“An influential meta-analysis for verbal learning by Cepeda et al. (2006) focused more on spaced re-studying than on retrieval practice, and their main interest was the optimal interval between a first study event and a second one.”
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What a Difference a Day Makes: Change in Memory for Newly Learned Word Forms Over 24 Hours
McGregor, K. K. (2014) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2014_jslhr-l-13-0273 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Influence of Multiple-Day Temporal Distribution of Repetitions on Memory: A Comparison of Uniform, Expanding, and Contracting Schedules
Gerbier, É., & Koenig, O. (2011) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2011.600806 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The relation of retention to the distribution of relearning.
Tsai, L.-C. (1927) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0071614 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The Efficacy of Massed Versus Distributed Practice As a Function of Desired Learning Outcomes and Grade Level of the Student
Moss, V. D. (2021) · Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) · doi:10.26076/92f1-7957 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The effects of spaced practice and spaced review on recall and retention using computer-assisted instruction
Caple, C., & DeLuca, V. W. (1996) · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Impact of Spacing of Practice on Learning Brand Name and Generic Drugs
Terenyi, J., Anksorus, H. N., & Persky, A. M. (2017) · American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education · doi:10.5688/ajpe6179 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The spacing effect in immediate and delayed free recall
Godbole, N. R., Delaney, P. F., & Verkoeijen, P. P. J. L. (2014) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2013.798416 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Predicting the optimal spacing of study: A multiscale context model
Mozer, M. C., Pashler, H., Cepeda, N. J., et al. (2009) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e520562012-290 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Spaced and Expanded Practice: An Investigation of Methods to Enhance Retention
Kalenberg, K. (2017) · Journal of Undergraduate Research at Minnesota State University Mankato · doi:10.56816/2378-6949.1205 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Untitled work
(2000) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0720(200005/06)14:3

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Fisher, Z., & Tipton, E. (2015). Robumeta: an R-package for robust variance estimation in meta-analysis. arXiv:1503.02220 [stat]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1503.02220. Accessed 26 July 2018. · arXiv
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Sorted by citations

The science of effective learning with spacing and retrieval practice
Carpenter, S. K., Pan, S. C., & Butler, A. C. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-022-00089-1 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Spaced Retrieval Practice Imposes Desirable Difficulty in Calculus Learning
Lyle, K. B., Bego, C. R., Ralston, P. A. S., & Immekus, J. C. (2022) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-022-09677-2 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Many reviews from different periods and with different emphases are available (e.g., Cepeda et al., 2006; Donovan & Radosevich, 1999; Janiszewski et al., 2003; Latimier et al., 2021; Maddox, 2016; Melton, 1970).”
Background
Spacing Effects in Task Repetition Research
Rogers, J. (2022) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/lang.12526 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Combining Retrieval Practice with Elaborative Encoding: Complementary or Redundant?
McDaniel, M. (2023) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-023-09784-8 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“(One exception is an emerging literature examining benefits of combining retrieval practice with spacing relative to retrieval practice without spacing; Latimier et al., 2021, provide a review.)”
Background
Education in the era of Neurosymbolic AI
Jaldi, C. D., Ilkou, E., Schroeder, N. L., & Shimizu, C. (2024) · Journal of Web Semantics · doi:10.1016/j.websem.2024.100857 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“This reinforces memory consolidation [33], and a recent meta-analysis showed the strength of this technique for learning [36].”
A meta-analysis on the effect of expertise on eye movements during music reading
Perra, J., Latimier, A., Poulin-Charronnat, B., Baccino, T., & Drai-Zerbib, V. (2022) · Journal of Eye Movement Research · doi:10.16910/jemr.15.4.1 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Analyses Computation of weighted mean effect size We replicated the same methods of analyses as those proposed in Latimier et al. (2021).”
MethodSelf-citation
Novice teachers’ knowledge of effective study strategies
Surma, T., Camp, G., de Groot, R. D., & Kirschner, P. (2019) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2022.996039 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
A rationale for promoting cognitive science in teacher education: Deconstructing prevailing learning myths and advancing research-based practices
Cuevas, J. A., Childers, G. M., & Dawson, B. L. (2023) · Trends in Neuroscience and Education · doi:10.1016/j.tine.2023.100209 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Cognition and Learning
Doolittle, P. E., & Byrnes, M. K. (2023) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119852865.ch3 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Moving the Needle: Evidence of an Effective Study Strategy Intervention in a Community College Biology Course
Vemu, S., Denaro, K., Sato, B. K., & Williams, A. E. (2022) · CBE—Life Sciences Education · doi:10.1187/cbe.21-08-0216 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“A recent review of 29 studies on retrieval practice using different spacing schedules found a strong positive relationship between the use of the two strategies and student performance (Latimier et al. , 2020).”
No Simple Solutions to Complex Problems: Cognitive Science Principles Can Guide but Not Prescribe Educational Decisions
Yan, V. X., Sana, F., & Carvalho, P. F. (2023) · Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1177/23727322231218906 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Inclusive Education in Rural Settings: Leveraging Technology for Improved Math Learning Outcomes Among Students With Disabilities
Lin, T. F., & Riccomini, P. J. (2024) · Journal of Special Education Technology · doi:10.1177/01626434241263045 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Spaced Retrieval Practice: Can Restudying Trump Retrieval?
Higham, P. A., Fastrich, G. M., Potts, R., Murayama, K., Pickering, J. S., & Hadwin, J. A. (2023) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-023-09809-2 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“However, several studies have shown that retrieval practice can be combined with much longer spacing gaps to produce a particularly effective learning technique (see Carpenter et al., 2022 and Latimier et al., 2021, for reviews).”
Background
Using Cognitive Science and Technology to Enhance Financial Education: The Effect of Spaced Retrieval Practice
Kang, S. H. K., Eglington, L. G., Schuetze, B. A., Lu, X., Hinterstoisser, T. M., & Huaco, J. (2023) · Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning · doi:10.1891/jfcp-2021-0032 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Single-paper meta-analyses of the effects of spaced retrieval practice in nine introductory STEM courses: Is the glass half full or half empty?
Bego, C. R., Lyle, K. B., Ralston, P. A. S., Immekus, J. C., Chastain, R. J., Haynes, L. D., Hoyt, L. K., Pigg, R. M., Rabin, S. D., Scobee, M. W., et al. (2024) · International Journal of STEM Education · doi:10.1186/s40594-024-00468-5 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“For example, in a meta-analysis of research that was published in September 2017, Latimier et al. (2021) identified 29 articles that examined the effect of spaced versus massed retrieval practice on retention.”
Variability in knowledge retention of medical students: repeated and recently learned basic science topics
Csaba, G., Szabó, I., Környei, J., Kerényi, M., Füzesi, Z., & Csathó, Á. (2025) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-025-07096-9 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Convincing evidence shows that retrieval practice and spaced learning (or distributed practice) might be the most effective ways to increase long-term knowledge retention [21–25].”
Understanding the distributed practice effect and its relevance for the teaching and learning of L2 vocabulary
Edmonds, A., Gerbier, É., Palasis, K., & Whyte, S. (2021) · Lexis · doi:10.4000/lexis.5652 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Solidity Meets Surprise: Cerebral and Behavioral Effects of Learning from Episodic Prediction Errors
Siestrup, S., Jainta, B., Cheng, S., & Schubotz, R. I. (2022) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01948 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“…data did not confirm previous findings that spaced retrievals result in better memory for originally encoded episodes compared with massed retrievals (Latimier, Peyre, & Ramus, 2021; Lyle et al., 2020; YeckehZaare et al., 2019; Kang, 2016; Gerbier & Toppino, 2015; Dempster, 1989; Underwood, 1970).”
Result
A Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Feedback Timing on Learning Outcomes in Computer-Assisted Learning
Kandemir, E. N., Esposito, E., Gurgand, L., & Ramus, F. (2026) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-026-10117-8 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Research on the spacing effect shows that distributing retrieval attempts over time strengthens memory retention more effectively than massed practice (Carpenter et al., 2012; Cepeda et al., 2008; Latimier et al., 2021).”
Self-citation
Enhancing teachers’ instruction on how to study: an exploration of the effectiveness of learning strategies for particular secondary school subjects
Langbroek, S., Duchatelet, D., Brinke, D. J.-T., & Camp, G. (2024) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2024.1340120 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Long‐term effects of an online math tool on U.S. adolescents' achievement
Feng, M., Brezack, N., Huang, C., & Collins, K. (2025) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.13579 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Which learning techniques supported by cognitive research do students use at secondary school? Prevalence and associations with students’ beliefs and achievement
Martín, H. R., Blanco, F., & Ferrero, M. (2024) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-024-00567-5 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“…effects of retrieval practice (Karpicke & Roediger, 2008; Roediger et al., 2011) and its combination with spaced practice (Carpenter et al., 2022; Latimier et al., 2021), among others, have encouraged cognitive psychologists to turn their attention to applied issues in the field of learning…”
Background
Introducing desirable difficulty in STEM barrier courses with spaced retrieval practice
Bego, C. R., Lyle, K. B., Immekus, J. C., & Ralston, P. A. S. (2021) · IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) · doi:10.1109/fie49875.2021.9637192 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Effect of Equal Versus Expanding Spacing Practice on the Deliberate Learning of L2 Collocations
Sonbul, S., Macis, M., & Gyllstad, H. (2024) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.1002/tesq.3364 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Effective, Scalable, and Low Cost: The Use of Teacher‐Made Digital Flashcards Improves Student Learning
Ingebrigtsen, M., Miland, Å. O., Bastesen, J., & Sæle, R. G. (2025) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.70086 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The Effects of Definition Placement and Lag of Retrieval Practice on Contextual Learning and Retention of Phrasal Verbs
Tadayonifar, M., Siyanova‐Chanturia, A., & Elgort, I. (2025) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/lang.12706 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A Meta-analytic Review of the Effectiveness of Spacing and Retrieval Practice for Mathematics Learning
Murray, E., Horner, A. J., & Göbel, S. M. (2025) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-025-10035-1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“For example, Latimier et al. (2021) also changed from multivariate to univariate due to small sample sizes.”
Influential
Why Desirable Difficulties ‘Work’: A Review of the Evidence From Cognitive and Educational Psychology and Some Caveats for the Health Professions Education Field
Binks, S. (2026) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/jep.70349 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Word learning by children with developmental language disorder: Identifying gaps in our understanding of spaced retrieval effects
Leonard, L. B., Deevy, P., & Kueser, J. B. (2024) · Autism & Developmental Language Impairments · doi:10.1177/23969415241275940 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“However, retention in the long term is superior, constituting a “ desirable dif ﬁ culty ” (e.g., Latimier et al., 2021).”
Background
Applying distributed practice in the schools to enhance retention of spelling words
Petersen‐Brown, S., Riese, A. M., Schneider, M. M., Ray, J. E., & Clonkey, H. R. (2023) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22943 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
COMO ESTUDAR E COMO APRENDER
Ekuni, R. (2023) · Atos de Pesquisa em Educação · doi:10.7867/1809-03542022e10951 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Initial Practice Performance Moderates the Distributed Practice Effect in Complex Procedural Knowledge
Ruitenburg, S. K., Guldemont, P., Kirschner, P. A., Jarodzka, H. M., & Camp, G. (2025) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.70032 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Word Learning in Children With Developmental Language Disorder: The Use of Retrieval Practice During Shared Book Reading
Souto, S. M., Leonard, L. B., Deevy, P., Christ, S., Karpicke, J. D., & Schroeder, M. L. (2025) · Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2025_jslhr-24-00809 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“In fact, with growing recognition of the potential educational benefits of retrieval practice, the pace at which studies on retrieval have appeared has increased in the past 25 years (see reviews in Adesope et al., 2017; Fazio & Marsh, 2019; Karpicke, 2017; Latimier et al., 2021; Rowland, 2014).”
Implementing a guided VR for neuroanatomy in neurology residency: acceptability and practical considerations
Bass, D., Gupta, A., Weingartner, L., & de Paleville, D. T. (2026) · AJP Advances in Physiology Education · doi:10.1152/advan.00019.2025 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Retrieval-based learning
Karpicke, J. D. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15754-7.00074-2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Los exámenes como fuente de estrés. Cómo las evaluaciones pueden afectar el aprendizaje a través del estrés
Torrens, D. B. I. (2021) · Journal of Neuroeducation · doi:10.1344/joned.v2i1.34880 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Assessing Numerical Analysis Performance with the Practi Mobile App
Cutumisu, M., Garn, K., & Spiteri, R. J. (2024) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci14040404 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Exploring the everyday impacts and memory intervention needs of people with transient epileptic amnesia: A qualitative study
Savage, S. A., Cavuoto, M. G., & Pike, K. E. (2024) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2024.2384521 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…approaches were several memory strategies with strong research evidence of effectiveness, such as semantic elaboration (Craik & Lockhart, 1972), spaced retrieval (Han et al., 2017; Latimier et al., 2021), and implementation intentions for prospective memory (Gollwitzer, 1999; Pike et al., 2021).”
Mandatory retrieval test to incentivize retrieval practice of physics principles
Gjerde, V., Marisaldi, M., Oksavik, K., Olafsson, K., Spångberg, H., & Holst, B. (2025) · Physical Review Physics Education Research · doi:10.1103/physrevphyseducres.21.010119 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Counting days is a spacing incentive that unlocks the potential of low GPA students
YeckehZaare, I., & Resnick, P. (2025) · npj Science of Learning · doi:10.1038/s41539-025-00322-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Scaling What Works Cost-Consciously: A Cost Analysis of an AI-Enhanced Tool for Middle School Math Learning
Feng, M., Brezack, N., & Heffernan, N. T. (2025) · ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale (L@S) · doi:10.1145/3698205.3733947 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“The design of ASSISTments is built upon the theoretical and empirical research on immediate feedback [22], formative assessment [23], mastery learning [24], and spaced practice [25].”
The role of mental rehearsal and working memory resource depletion in the spacing effect: influence of element interactivity on learning
Chan, K. B., Chen, O., & PAAS, F. G. W. C. (2025) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2025.2551144 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“The recent meta-analysis studies on the spacing effect have supported that spacing has medium-to-large effect on learning (Latimier et al., 2021).”
The effect of task repetition on L2 learners’ writing performance: A meta-analysis
Liu, J., & Tang, Y. (2025) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/13621688251381268 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Interleaved practice in physics benefits from collaboration
Danzglock, M., Berger, R., & Hänze, M. (2026) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2025.102307 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Teacher judgments of student self-regulated learning – Examining the effect of student and teacher characteristics
Brunner, S. N., & Karlen, Y. (2026) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-026-09469-x · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“In some tasks, students had to choose the most useful time plan or select the most helpful time-planning tip, reflecting knowledge of buffer times and the distribution of study time (Latimier et al., 2021).”
Do Gains from Generative AI–Enabled Adaptive Pretesting Persist? Evidence from a Retention Study
Akgün, M., & Toker, Ş. (2026) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-29788-4_49 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Do Gains from Generative AI-Enabled Adaptive Pretesting Persist? Evidence from a Retention Study
Akgun, M., & Toker, S. (2026) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.22328
“This pattern aligns with evidence from the learning sciences demonstrating that retrieval prac-tice—particularly when spaced—supports long-term retention more effectively than unguided study [7, 8, 10].”
أثر تکامل نمط الأنشطة (المرتبطة/ غیر المرتبطة) بالمحتوى التعلیمی فی بیئة تعلم إلکترونی متعدد الفواصل قائمة على محفزات الألعاب على تنمیة مهارات تطویر بیئات التعلم الشخصیة والدافعیة للإنجاز وخفض العبء المعرفی لدى الطلاب المعلمین
العاطی, ح. ا. م. ع., & العاطى, م. ا. م. ع. (2022) · تکنولوجيا التعليم سلسلة دراسات وبحوث · doi:10.21608/tesr.2022.231772
How Do Cognitive Resources Modulate Recall in Interleaved Tasks?Preprint
Zhang, R.-C., & Madan, C. R. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/q3bgc
تصمیمات الفواصل النسبیة للجداول الزمنیة للتعلم (الثابتة - الموسعة - المتناقصة) بالتعلم الإلكترونی متعدد الفواصل وأثرهم على التحصیل وبقاء أثر التعلم والاستمتاع به لدى الطالبات المعلمات
ربیع, أ. ع. ا. (2023) · تکنولوجيا التعليم سلسلة دراسات وبحوث · doi:10.21608/tesr.2023.289705
Arguments for a theoretical realignment in the assessment and remediation of memory in clinical neuropsychology: Contribution of functionalism
Gounden, Y., Hainselin, M., Haudry, S., & Quaglino, V. (2023) · Pratiques Psychologiques · doi:10.1016/j.prps.2023.06.003
The Scale Invariant Learning Theory for Distributed Practice EffectsPreprint
Riopel, M. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4579172
Együtt, értük : A tanulási zavar diagnosztikus azonosításának új lehetőségei
(2023) · Soproni Egyetem Kiadó eBooks · doi:10.35511/978-963-334-502-3
GIFTS: Learning Theory Workshop Led to First-Year Classroom Innovations
Kecskemety, K., Grier, B. J., Morin, B., & Kramer, A. (2024) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/1-2--43801
التفاعل بين نمطي تكرار المحتوى (الثابت/المتغير) في بيئة تدريب الكتروني متعدد الفواصل ومدتها الزمنية (قصيرة/طويلة) وأثره في تنمية مؤشرات ما وراء الذاكرة والدافعية للإنـجاز لدي طلاب دبلوم "التعليم عن بعد"
حامد, م. ع. ع. (2023) · Maǧallaẗ Kulliyyaẗ Al-Tarbiyyaẗ Bil-Manṣūraẗ · doi:10.21608/maed.2023.341535
التفاعل بين نمطي تكرار المحتوى (الثابت/المتغير) في بيئة تدريب الكتروني متعدد الفواصل ومدتها الزمنية (قصيرة/طويلة) وأثره في تنمية مؤشرات ما وراء الذاكرة والدافعية للإنـجاز لدي طلاب دبلوم "التعليم عن بعد"
حامد, م. ع. ع. (2023) · Maǧallaẗ Kulliyyaẗ Al-Tarbiyyaẗ Bil-Manṣūraẗ · doi:10.21608/maed.2023.352604
نمط تكرار المحتوى (الثابت- المتغير) في التعلم بالاستقصاء الشبكي متعدد الفواصل لتنمية مهارات برمجة الروبوت التعليمي لدى طلاب المركز الاستكشافي ذوى الفضول الفكري (المعرفي- الادراكي)
الغول, ر. م. أ., & السنطاوي, م. م. إ. (2023) · Maǧallaẗ Kulliyyaẗ Al-Tarbiyyaẗ Bil-Manṣūraẗ · doi:10.21608/maed.2023.352595
Researchers’ Theater: Enhancing Student Engagement in an Introductory Research Course
Wu, R. (2024) · Occupational Therapy In Health Care · doi:10.1080/07380577.2024.2375534
“Retrieval practice is any activity that requires a learner to recall previously learned information and has been shown to be more effective for long-term retention than simply re-reading or re-exposure to the content (Latimier et al., 2021).”
Selective retrieval practice can benefit long-term retention of untested associations: Evidence from a word triplet paradigmPreprint
Allen, R. J., Atkinson, A. L., & Baddeley, A. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/tv485
20 Years of Interteaching Research and Practice: A Tutorial for its Use in the Classroom
Rosales, R., Gayman, C. M., Jimenez, S. T., & Soldner, J. L. (2024) · Behavior Analysis in Practice · doi:10.1007/s40617-024-00986-2
“In particular, it takes advantage of distributed practice, which has been demonstrated to have a large effect on knowledge retention (Latimier et al., 2021).”
Etymologier som grund för begreppsundervisning i anatomi, fysiologi och fysik
Eriksson, A. (2025) · ATENA Didaktik · doi:10.3384/atena.2025.5244
Mennyit felejtenek az orvostanhallgatók?
Csaba, G., Füzesi, Z., & Csathó, Á. (2025) · Orvosi Hetilap · doi:10.1556/650.2025.33246 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Comparison of Accounting Expert Teacher’s Cognitive Skill Model Versus Average Student for Solving Introductory Accounting Equations
Mohamed, M., Sahid, S., & Buang, N. A. (2025) · International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting Finance and Management Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarafms/v15-i2/25484
Course design to encourage spaced practice
Wildschut, J. A., & Jordan, G. (2025) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/1-2--56154
Integrating Generative AI into Operations Research Education: Framework, Use Cases, and Ethical ReflectionsPreprint
Armas, L. F. P., & Kossman, S. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5399646
Guided Two-Stage Reading in Second Language Acquisition: A Context-Based Approach to Enhancing Receptive CompetencePreprint
Suchanek, E. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5413921
Additional file 1 of Single-paper meta-analyses of the effects of spaced retrieval practice in nine introductory STEM courses: is the glass half full or half empty?
Bego, C. R., Lyle, K. B., Ralston, P. A. S., Immekus, J. C., Chastain, R. J., Haynes, L. D., Hoyt, L. K., Pigg, R. M., Rabin, S. D., Scobee, M., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26678252
Additional file 2 of Single-paper meta-analyses of the effects of spaced retrieval practice in nine introductory STEM courses: is the glass half full or half empty?
Bego, C. R., Lyle, K. B., Ralston, P. A. S., Immekus, J. C., Chastain, R. J., Haynes, L. D., Hoyt, L. K., Pigg, R. M., Rabin, S. D., Scobee, M., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26678255
Additional file 4 of Single-paper meta-analyses of the effects of spaced retrieval practice in nine introductory STEM courses: is the glass half full or half empty?
Bego, C. R., Lyle, K. B., Ralston, P. A. S., Immekus, J. C., Chastain, R. J., Haynes, L. D., Hoyt, L. K., Pigg, R. M., Rabin, S. D., Scobee, M., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26678261
Additional file 5 of Single-paper meta-analyses of the effects of spaced retrieval practice in nine introductory STEM courses: is the glass half full or half empty?
Bego, C. R., Lyle, K. B., Ralston, P. A. S., Immekus, J. C., Chastain, R. J., Haynes, L. D., Hoyt, L. K., Pigg, R. M., Rabin, S. D., Scobee, M., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26678264
Additional file 11 of Single-paper meta-analyses of the effects of spaced retrieval practice in nine introductory STEM courses: is the glass half full or half empty?
Bego, C. R., Lyle, K. B., Ralston, P. A. S., Immekus, J. C., Chastain, R. J., Haynes, L. D., Hoyt, L. K., Pigg, R. M., Rabin, S. D., Scobee, M., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26678282
Additional file 8 of Single-paper meta-analyses of the effects of spaced retrieval practice in nine introductory STEM courses: is the glass half full or half empty?
Bego, C. R., Lyle, K. B., Ralston, P. A. S., Immekus, J. C., Chastain, R. J., Haynes, L. D., Hoyt, L. K., Pigg, R. M., Rabin, S. D., Scobee, M., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26678273
Additional file 7 of Single-paper meta-analyses of the effects of spaced retrieval practice in nine introductory STEM courses: is the glass half full or half empty?
Bego, C. R., Lyle, K. B., Ralston, P. A. S., Immekus, J. C., Chastain, R. J., Haynes, L. D., Hoyt, L. K., Pigg, R. M., Rabin, S. D., Scobee, M., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26678270
Additional file 1 of Which learning techniques supported by cognitive research do students use at secondary school? Prevalence and associations with students’ beliefs and achievement
Martín, H. R., Blanco, F., & Ferrero, M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26197476
Additional file 3 of Single-paper meta-analyses of the effects of spaced retrieval practice in nine introductory STEM courses: is the glass half full or half empty?
Bego, C. R., Lyle, K. B., Ralston, P. A. S., Immekus, J. C., Chastain, R. J., Haynes, L. D., Hoyt, L. K., Pigg, R. M., Rabin, S. D., Scobee, M., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26678258
Additional file 10 of Single-paper meta-analyses of the effects of spaced retrieval practice in nine introductory STEM courses: is the glass half full or half empty?
Bego, C. R., Lyle, K. B., Ralston, P. A. S., Immekus, J. C., Chastain, R. J., Haynes, L. D., Hoyt, L. K., Pigg, R. M., Rabin, S. D., Scobee, M., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26678279
Additional file 6 of Single-paper meta-analyses of the effects of spaced retrieval practice in nine introductory STEM courses: is the glass half full or half empty?
Bego, C. R., Lyle, K. B., Ralston, P. A. S., Immekus, J. C., Chastain, R. J., Haynes, L. D., Hoyt, L. K., Pigg, R. M., Rabin, S. D., Scobee, M., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26678267
Additional file 9 of Single-paper meta-analyses of the effects of spaced retrieval practice in nine introductory STEM courses: is the glass half full or half empty?
Bego, C. R., Lyle, K. B., Ralston, P. A. S., Immekus, J. C., Chastain, R. J., Haynes, L. D., Hoyt, L. K., Pigg, R. M., Rabin, S. D., Scobee, M., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26678276
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“The optimal interval might depend on the nature of the learning content (Latimier et al., 2021 ).”
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“Indeed, a large body of research has demonstrated that spaced learning gener - ally leads to better learning outcomes than massed (blocked) presentation (Cepeda et al., 2006; Latimier et al., 2021).”
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Authors: Latimier, A., Peyre, H., & Ramus, F.
Affiliations: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
Corresponding author: Latimier, Alice
ORCID: Latimier, Alice
Peyre, Hugo
Ramus, Franck
Venue: Educational Psychology Review
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2020-10-07
Volume: 33
Issue: 3
Pages: 959-987
ISSN: 1040-726X (ISSN-L)
1573-336X
DOI: 10.1007/s10648-020-09572-8
OpenAlex: W3092361271
Semantic Scholar: f425815104551765af7c52a499e2e3daba465f7a
Cited by: 96
References: 112
Citations by year: 2026: 24 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 3
FWCI: 3.49
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
www.springer.com/tdm (vor)
Locations: Educational Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
HAL (submittedVersion)
PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Programme d'investissement d'avenir (e-Fran) & Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-17-EURE-0017, ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
Keywords: spaced retrieval practice, memory retention, spacing effect, desirable difficulties, learning strategies

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A Meta-Analytic Review of the Benefit of Spacing out Retrieval Practice Episodes on Retention

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