Tests enhance the transfer of learning

Rohrer, Doug; Taylor, Kelli; Sholar, Brandon

doi:10.1037/a0017678

Cited by 217Memory Processes and InfluencesVisual and Cognitive Learning ProcessesEducational and Psychological Assessments

Tests enhance the transfer of learning

Rohrer, Doug, Taylor, Kelli, Sholar, Brandon·2010·Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition

DOI 10.1037/a0017678

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Abstract

Numerous learning studies have shown that if the period of time devoted to studying information (e.g., casa-house) includes at least 1 test (casa-?), performance on a final test is improved-a finding known as the testing effect. In most of these studies, however, the final test is identical to the initial test. If the final test requires a novel demonstration of learning (i.e., transfer), prior studies suggest that a greater degree of transfer reduces the size of the testing effect. The authors tested this conjecture. In 2 experiments, 4th- or 5th-grade students learned to assign regions or cities to map locations and returned 1 day later for 2 kinds of final tests. One final test required exactly the same task seen during the learning session, and the other final test consisted of novel, more challenging questions. In both experiments, testing effects were found for both kinds of final tests, and the testing effect was no smaller, and actually slightly larger, for the final test requiring transfer. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved).

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The benefits of testing have been shown to support non-verbal visual and spatial information, including locations on maps, identifying birds, name-face associations, statistics, and spatial locations of objects.
“However, the benefits of testing have been shown to support non-verbal visual and spatial information, including locations on maps (Carpenter and Pashler, 2007; Rohrer et al., 2010), identifying birds (Jacoby et al., 2010), name-face associations (Morris and Fritz, 2002; Helder and Shaughnessy, 2008), statistics (Szpunar et al., 2013), and spatial locations of objects (Sommer et al., 2008).”
From Neural Correlates of Long-Term Memory Enhancement Following Retrieval Practice (2021) · cites this paper as Rohrer et al., 2010
Retrieval practice can enhance near transfer.
“The phenomenon of retrieval-induced facilitation has ties to the literature on transfer, which has shown that retrieval practice can enhance near transfer (Butler 2010, Kang et al. 2011, Rohrer et al. 2010).”
From Practicing Retrieval Facilitates Learning (2021) · cites this paper as Rohrer et al. 2010

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Authors: Rohrer, D., Taylor, K., & Sholar, B.
Affiliations: University of South Florida (US)
ORCID: Rohrer, Doug
Venue: Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2010
Volume: 36
Issue: 1
Pages: 233-239
ISSN: 0278-7393 (ISSN-L)
1939-1285
DOI: 10.1037/a0017678
OpenAlex: W1974636110
Cited by: 217
References: 20
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 14
FWCI: 10.28
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) (submittedVersion)
Funders: US Department of Education (R305B070537)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Educational and Psychological Assessments
Keywords: testing effect, retrieval practice, transfer of learning, final test, memory retention, children's learning
MeSH terms: Child, Discrimination Learning, Female, Humans, Learning, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Reaction Time, Space Perception, Transfer, Psychology

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