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Cited by 185Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchVirtual Reality Applications and ImpactsSimulation and Modeling Applications

Development and early evaluation of the Virtual Iraq/Afghanistan exposure therapy system for combat‐related PTSD

Rizzo, Albert “Skip”, Difede, JoAnn, Rothbaum, Barbara O., Reger, Greg, Spitalnick, Josh, Cukor, Judith, Mclay, Rob·2010·Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
DOI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05755.x
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Abstract

Numerous reports indicate that the growing incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in returning Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF)/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) military personnel is creating a significant health care and economic challenge. These findings have served to motivate research on how to better develop and disseminate evidence‐based treatments for PTSD. Virtual reality‐delivered exposure therapy for PTSD has been previously used with reports of positive outcomes. The current paper will detail the development and early results from use of the Virtual Iraq/Afghanistan exposure therapy system. The system consists of a series of customizable virtual scenarios designed to represent relevant Middle Eastern contexts for exposure therapy, including a city and desert road convoy environment. The process for gathering user‐centered design feedback from returning OEF/OIF military personnel and from a system deployed in Iraq (as was needed to iteratively evolve the system) will be discussed, along with a brief summary of results from an open clinical trial using Virtual Iraq with 20 treatment completers, which indicated that 16 no longer met PTSD checklist‐military criteria for PTSD after treatment.

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  • Many previously studied VR paradigms have included features allowing users to customize the environment to fit their therapeutic needs, including the Virtual Iraq/Afghanistan paradigm for PTSD treatment.

    “Many previously studied VR paradigms have included features that allowed the user to customize the environment to fit their therapeutic needs, including the “Virtual Iraq/Afghanistan” paradigm developed for PTSD treatment that allowed users to recreate specific traumatic scenarios (Rizzo et al. 2010).”

    From Better, Virtually: the Past, Present, and Future of Virtual Reality Cognitive Behavior Therapy (2021) · cites this paper as Rizzo et al. 2010

  • Rizzo et al. recreated a virtual war scenario in the Virtual Iraq environment for veterans suffering from PTSD to expose them to their traumatic experiences, helping the patient to modify and emotionally process pathological and dysfunctional structures.

    “Rizzo et al. (39), for example, recreated a virtual war scenario in the Virtual Iraq environment for veterans suffering from PTSD to expose them to their traumatic experiences thus helping the patient to modify and emotionally process pathological and dysfunctional structures.”

    From Computer-assisted avatar-based treatment for dysfunctional beliefs in depressive inpatients: A pilot study (2021) · cites this paper as [39]

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Authors
Rizzo, A. “., Difede, J., Rothbaum, B. O., Reger, G., Spitalnick, J., Cukor, J., & Mclay, R.
Affiliations
  • University of Southern California (US)
  • Weill Cornell Medicine (US)
  • Emory University (US)
  • Madigan Army Medical Center (US)
  • Naval Medical Center San Diego (US)
Corresponding author
Rizzo, Albert “Skip”
ORCID
Venue
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2010-10
Volume
1208
Issue
1
Pages
114-125
ISSN
  • 0077-8923 (ISSN-L)
  • 1749-6632
DOI
10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05755.x
OpenAlex
W2170151134
Cited by
185
References
40
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 9
FWCI
8.41
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 17 d)
Locations
  • Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Control and Systems Engineering › Simulation and Modeling Applications
Keywords
post-traumatic stress disorder, combat-related PTSD, virtual reality exposure therapy, military personnel, Operation Enduring Freedom, Iraq War, user-centered design, virtual scenarios
MeSH terms
Adult, Computers, Female, Humans, Implosive Therapy, Male, Middle Aged, Military Personnel, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Software, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, United States, User-Computer Interface, Veterans, Iraq War, 2003-2011, Young Adult, Afghan Campaign 2001-

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