Videoconferencing psychotherapy for panic disorder and agoraphobia: Outcome and treatment processes from a non-randomized non-inferiority trial
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, legislations are being modified around the world to allow patients to receive mental health services through telehealth. Unfortunately, there are no large clinical trial available to reliably document the efficacy of delivering videoconferencing psychotherapy (VCP) for people with panic disorder and agoraphobia (PDA) and whether basic psychotherapeutic processes are altered. METHODS: This 2-arm intent-to-treat non-inferiority study reports on a clinical trial on VCP and documents how therapeutic working alliance and motivation toward psychotherapy are associated to treatment outcome. We hypothesized that VCP would not be inferior to standard face-to-face (FF) cognitive behavior therapy for PDA. No specific hypothesis was stated to address working alliance and treatment mechanisms. VCP was compared to a gold-standard psychotherapy treatment for PDA, which was delivered either in person or in videoconference, with a strict tolerance criterion of about 2 points on the primary outcome measure. Seventy one adult patients were recruited. Measures of working alliance were collected after the first, fifth, and last session. Motivation toward therapy at pre-treatment and working alliance after the fifth therapy session were used as predictors of treatment outcome and compared with change in dysfunctional beliefs toward bodily sensations. RESULTS: Panic disorder, agoraphobia, fear of sensations and depressed mood all showed significant improvements and large effect-sizes from pre to post-treatment. Gains were maintained at follow-up. No significant differences were found between VCP and FF, and effect sizes were trivial for three of the four outcome measures. Non-inferiority tests confirmed that VCP was no less effective than FF therapy on the primary outcome measure and two of the three secondary outcome measures. Working alliance was very strong in VCP and did not statistically differ from FF. Working alliance and motivation did not predict treatment outcome, which was significantly predicted by the reduction in dysfunctional beliefs. The strength of the therapeutic bond was correlated with change in dysfunctional beliefs. CONCLUSION: Mental health professionals can use VCP to provide services to patients with PDA. Building and maintaining a sound working alliance should not be a source concern. Practical recommendations are formulated. ISRCTN TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ISRCTN76456442.
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A handful of studies have documented the non-inferiority of VCP when compared to gold-standard treatments.
“Moreover, a handful of studies have documented the non-inferiority of VCP when compared to gold-standard treatments [34,35,36,37,38].”
The RCT's findings confirm what has been found in previous clinical trials for other anxiety disorders and other non-anxiety disorders.
“The analyses confirmed, with an RCT conducted according to CONSORT guidelines, what has been found in previous clinical trials for other anxiety disorders [30,32,34,77] and other non-anxiety disorders [26,28,33].”
In the context of a non-inferiority trial, the higher working alliance and perceived therapist competence in VCP were interpreted as suggesting that VCP may not be less effective than face-to-face CBT.
“In the context of a non-inferiority trial, these results were interpreted as suggesting that VCP may not be less effective than face-to-face CBT (for more on the treatment alliance in VCP, see also [34,82,83,84]).”
Bouchard et al found no predictive impact of the therapeutic bond on treatment outcome, in videoconference or face-to-face, for patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia.
“Bouchard et al [60] also found no predictive impact of the therapeutic bond on treatment outcome, in VC or in face-to-face, for patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia.”
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Yıldırım, Y. E. (2023) · Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences · doi:10.14744/dajpns.2023.00208 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Online Therapy: Challenges, Benefits and Implications for Online Financial Therapy
Sarpong, P. K. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-33362-0_6
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Hung, Y.-F. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-026-09065-x
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Students' Experiences in Clinical Training in Telepsychology: A Multicenter Study in ColombiaPreprint
Llamas, T. C., Ramírez-Castro, M. F., López-Sánchez, M. C., Peña, A. M. A., Cordero-Galíndez, C. F., Velásquez, D. I. M., Osorio, J. R. P., Marín, M., Triviño, J. D. M., Munar, D. R. S., et al. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10542851/v1
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Impact of supportive virtual characters on presence and pain perception
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- Authors
- Bouchard, S., Allard, M., Robillard, G., Dumoulin, S., Guitard, T., Loranger, C., Green-Demers, I., Marchand, A., Renaud, P., Cournoyer, L.-G., & Corno, G.
- Affiliations
- Université du Québec en Outaouais (CA)
- Université du Québec à Montréal (CA)
- Université de Montréal (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Bouchard, Stéphane
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2020-08-21
- Volume
- 11
- Pages
- 2164-2164
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7472915
- OpenAlex
- W3080947503
- Cited by
- 52
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 6.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Canada Research Chairs (231039, #210762)
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (210762, 231039)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Telemedicine and Telehealth Implementation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Keywords
- panic disorder, agoraphobia, telemedicine, cognitive behavioral therapy, non-inferiority, therapeutic relationship, treatment motivation, dysfunctional attitudes, bodily sensations, COVID-19 pandemic, treatment outcomes
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