Beginning of the Pandemic: COVID-19-Elicited Anxiety as a Predictor of Working Memory Performance
Open accessAbstract
Increasing evidence indicates that the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is associated with adverse psychological effects, including heightened levels of anxiety. This study examined whether COVID-19-related anxiety levels during the early stage of the pandemic predicted demanding working memory (WM) updating performance. Altogether, 201 healthy adults (age range, 18-50) mostly from North America and the British Isles were recruited to this study via the crowdsourcing site www.prolific.co. The results showed that higher levels of COVID-19-related anxiety during the first weeks of the pandemic outbreak were associated with poorer WM performance as measured by the n-back paradigm. Critically, the unique role of COVID-19-related anxiety on WM could not be explained by demographic factors, or other psychological factors such as state and trait anxiety or fluid intelligence. Moreover, across three assessment points spanning 5-6 weeks, COVID-19-related anxiety levels tended to decrease over time. This pattern of results may reflect an initial psychological "shock wave" of the pandemic, the cognitive effects of which may linger for some time, albeit the initial anxiety associated with the pandemic would change with habituation and increasing information. Our results contribute to the understanding of cognitive-affective reactions to a major disaster.
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The discrepancy between our findings and previous literature showing poorer cognitive performance and increased attention toward social cues likely reflects the specific components investigated and the measures used.
“Previous literature showed that the COVID-19 lockdown was associated with poorer cognitive performance (54, 55) and increased attention toward social cues (56). Our findings seem to go against these results; this discrepancy likely reflects the specific components investigated and the measures used, since previous studies primarily focused on working memory (especially using n-back tasks) or gaze”
From The Evolution of Psychological and Behavioral Consequences of Self-Isolation During Lockdown: A Longitudinal Study Across United Kingdom and Italy (2022) · cites this paper as [55]
The Results and Discussion report that greater COVID-19-related anxiety early in the pandemic was associated with poorer n-back working-memory performance. The paper does not establish that lockdown itself was associated with poorer cognitive performance generally. The social-cue finding has a separate citation, and the proposed explanation for the discrepancy is the citing authors’ own. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredElevated COVID-19-related anxiety is associated with poorer WM performance on N-back tasks.
“Elevated levels of COVID-19-related anxiety have also been associated with poorer WM performance as measured by N-back tasks56.”
From Near transfer to an unrelated N-back task mediates the effect of N-back working memory training on matrix reasoning (2022) · cites this paper as [56]
COVID-19-related anxiety is associated with poorer cognitive performance.
“some studies have shown that COVID-19-related anxiety is associated with poorer cognitive performance (54, 55)”
From The Evolution of Psychological and Behavioral Consequences of Self-Isolation During Lockdown: A Longitudinal Study Across United Kingdom and Italy (2022) · cites this paper as [55]
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REMOVED DUE TO POLICY VIOLATIONSPreprint
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“This possibility should be taken into account when interpreting longitudinal effects.”
- Authors
- Fellman, D., Ritakallio, L., Waris, O., Jylkkä, J., & Laine, M.
- Affiliations
- Åbo Akademi University (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Fellman, Daniel
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2020-11-26
- Volume
- 11
- Pages
- 576466-576466
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7725684
- OpenAlex
- W3110160349
- Cited by
- 21
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 1.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Åbo Akademi University Research Portal (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Academy of Finland
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, working memory, n-back task, state anxiety, trait anxiety, fluid intelligence, habituation
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