Systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence of depression among caregivers of cancer patients
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Background: Caregivers of cancer patients commonly experience depressive symptoms due to the heavy burden of caregiving responsibility. Objective: This meta-analysis examined the prevalence of depression among caregivers of cancer patients. Methods: We included 85 studies covering 23,317 participants published between 2001 and 2021 (25 countries) that reported the prevalence of depression among caregivers of cancer patients. We examined the pooled prevalence of depression and hypothesized moderators, including year, age, sex, geographic regions, percentage of spousal caregivers, depression measures, and cancer stage. Results: All 85 effect sizes included 6,077 caregivers of patients with depression. The weighted average prevalence of depression was 25.14% (95% CI, 21.42–29.27%) among caregivers. The prevalence rates were moderated by geographic region, patients' cancer stage, and measures for depression. The prevalence rates also varied among the different measures assessing depression. The prevalence rate decreased with the mean age of the caregivers and the percentage of spousal caregivers. Conclusions: This study revealed a high prevalence of depression among caregivers of cancer patients. The prevalence rates also varied with the study design, demographics of caregivers, and patients' medical information. These findings highlight that psychological support and intervention may be crucial for patients and their caregivers in clinical practice.
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Prior caregiver research in cancer populations demonstrates prevalence estimates that vary widely depending on tools and thresholds, but consistently indicate clinically meaningful symptom levels.
“Prior caregiver research in cancer populations demonstrates prevalence estimates that vary widely depending on tools and thresholds, but consistently indicate clinically meaningful symptom levels.30,31”
From Caregiver burden, quality of life, and psychosocial outcomes among informal caregivers of patients with glioma: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2026) · cites this paper as [31]
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High psychosocial burden in relatives of malignant brain tumor patients
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Describing and understanding depression in spouses of cancer patients in palliative phase
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Anxiety and Depression Symptoms in Caregivers Prior to Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HCT)
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Burden on Informal Caregivers of Elderly Cancer Survivors: Risk Versus Resilience
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The unique burden of rare cancer caregiving: caregivers of patients with Erdheim–Chester disease
Applebaum, A. J., Polacek, L. C., Walsh, L. E., Reiner, A. S., Lynch, K. A., Benvengo, S., Buthorn, J. J., Atkinson, T. M., Mao, J. J. J., Panageas, K. S., et al. (2020) · Leukemia & lymphoma/Leukemia and lymphoma · doi:10.1080/10428194.2020.1719090 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
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Cancer family caregiver depression: are religion‐related variables important?
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Factors associated with quality of life of caregivers of Mexican cancer patients
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Prävalenz von Angst und Depression bei ambulanten Krebspatienten und deren Angehörigen
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Prevalence and determinants of depression among caregivers of children with leukaemia in Iraq
Lutfi, N. M., & Lami, F. (2019) · Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal · doi:10.26719/emhj.19.005 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Yang, M. H., Ma, F., Lan, B., Cai, J., Sun, X., & Xu, B. (2020) · Chinese Journal of Cancer Research · doi:10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2020.04.05 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Duckworth, K. E., McQuellon, R. P., Russell, G. B., Perry, K. C., Nightingale, C. L., Shen, P., Votanopoulos, K. I., Morris, B. B., & Levine, E. A. (2020) · Journal of the American College of Surgeons · doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2019.12.020 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
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Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Soh, X. C., Hartanto, A., Ling, N., Reyes, M., Sim, L., & Majeed, N. M. (2025) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics Plus · doi:10.1016/j.aggp.2025.100197 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Tan, K. R., Waters, A. R., Chen, Q., Hendricks, B. A., Coombs, L. A., & Kent, E. E. (2023) · Current Oncology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11912-023-01415-3 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Gender differences in cancer spousal caregiving: A systematic review
Ng, J. H., Luk, B. H.-K., & Lee, N. P. M. (2023) · Palliative & Supportive Care · doi:10.1017/s1478951523000731 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Resilience as a protective factor against depression in informal caregivers
Vázquez, F. L., Blanco, V., Andrade, E., Otero, P., Bueno, A. M., Simón, M. A., & Torres, Á. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1370863 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Nightingale, C. L., Snavely, A. C., McLouth, L. E. S., Dressler, E. V. M., Kent, E. E., Adonizio, C. S., Danhauer, S. C., Cannady, R., Hopkins, J. O., Kehn, H., et al. (2023) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djad198 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Needs and expectations of family caregivers of cancer patients in palliative care: A study protocol
Fernandes, J. B., Domingos, J., Castro, C., Simões, A., Fernandes, S., Almeida, A. S., Bernardes, C., Miranda, L., Risso, S., Ferreira, R., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1071711 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Wrede, N., Töpfer, N. F., Wilz, G., & Pfeiffer, K. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119547 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Wahad, A. A. A., Elran‐Barak, R., Furer, M., Kamir, G. A., & Horowitz, N. A. (2024) · Blood Advances · doi:10.1182/bloodadvances.2024012915 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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Habtie, T. E., Adisu, M. A., Feleke, S. F., & Kitaw, T. A. (2025) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2025.10.033 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Weeratunga, E. B., Goonewardena, S., & Meegoda, L. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-26469-0 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Yu, Y., Feng, Y., Han, Y., Yang, J., Wen, X., Fan, X., & Fan, J. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07229-w · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Liu, Y. P., Li, X., & Li, W. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1643644 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Samal, S., Panda, N., Rath, J., Pani, S. R., & Panda, B. (2024) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.157319.1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Alemayehu, T. T., Wassie, Y. A., Tadesse, G., Fentahun, S., Yazie, A. S., Mengistie, B. A., Worku, M. C., Mulatu, A., Bekalu, A. F., Gebremeskel, E. D., et al. (2024) · Current Problems in Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102876 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Noursina, S., & Kiani, Q. (2023) · Nursing and Midwifery Journal · doi:10.61186/unmf.21.7.558 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Xu, R., Chen, D., Hua, L., Mu, T., & Ma, G. (2025) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2025.02.015 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Huber, B., Röderer, N., Fliedner, M., & Wünsch, A. (2025) · Swiss Medical Weekly · doi:10.57187/s.4089 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Spiritual Status and Quality of Life in Hospice Family Caregivers: A Cross-Sectional Study
Chun, D. W., Park, Y., Hwang, I. C., & Ahn, H. Y. (2025) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2025.10.012 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Evaluating the prevalence of somatization symptoms in the family of cancer patients
Sharbafchi, M. R., Naji, F., Ghaderi, S., Aghanouri, M., & Barouti, Z. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-85474-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ghavami, S. B., Zarani, F., Fata, L., Sharbafchi, M. R., & Bender, J. L. (2025) · Palliative & Supportive Care · doi:10.1017/s1478951525100618 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Wei, H., Zhang, S., Tao, S., Li, J., & Liu, X. (2026) · Asia-Pacific Journal of Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apjon.2026.100978 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“30,31 This problem is more relevant in the present review, as depression, anxiety, and distress were assessed using different screening instruments across included studies.”
Teo, I., Chaudhry, I., Quek, L. M., Ng, S., Özdemir, S., Malhotra, C., Finkelstein, E. A., & COMPASS group (2025) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.70319 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Abdul‐Rahman, N., Morris, J., Glass, S., Carlson, K. M., Cui, A. Z., Tan, K., Johnson, J. T., Mazul, A. L., & Nilsen, M. L. (2026) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-026-10466-8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Küçükceran, H., Demirbaş, N., & Yavuz, B. B. (2026) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/s12875-026-03328-z · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Alreshidi, S. M., Rayani, A. M., & Alhumaid, A. F. (2023) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.1177/00912174231162749
Oshiro, N. N., Nogueira, L. D. A., Marcon, S. S., Silva, L. D. S., de Miranda, A. G., Guimarães, P. R. B., & Kalinke, L. P. (2024) · O Mundo da Saúde · doi:10.15343/0104-7809.202448e16112024p
Romero‐Martínez, Á. (2024) · Integrated science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-73061-0_12
Burden of Depression Among HIV Caregivers in India: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Halder, P., Achary, T., Debnath, A., Saha, S., Tom, A. K., & Mondal, A. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.79697
Бочаров, В. В., Shishkova, A. M., Ivanov, M. V., Skoromets, T. A., Корман, Т. А., Chernaya, Y. S., Михайлович, С. Д., Bueva, I. A., Verbitskaya, A. V., Abel, D. K., et al. (2025) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro202512512188
Acquati, C., Aratow, M., Nazreen, T., Bhattacharjee, A., Marra, I., & Alexander, A. S. (2026) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/83276
Frequency of depression and its severity among family caregivers of cancer patients
Riaz, I., & Kareem, O. (2025) · Biological and Clinical Sciences Research Journal · doi:10.54112/bcsrj.v6i1.2180
Gavrilović, N. (2026) · Srpski medicinski casopis Lekarske komore · doi:10.5937/smclk7-63023
ASSESSMENT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS AMONG PARENTS HAVING CANCER DEPENDENTS
ASHRAF, S., MAHMOOD, K., FATIMA, S., Saddique, H., ANWAR, G., & YASIN, I. (2025) · Pakistan Journal of Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.54112/pjicm.v5i02.241
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Ward, J. M., Blosnich, J. R., & Champion, V. L. (2026) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9181837/v1
Azhar, F., Tabasum, P., Saeed, I., Azhar, Z., MEHMOOD, M., Bibi, S., Ramzan, H., Ahmed, M., Sarwar, W., & Hashmi, M. U. (2026) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-026-08180-0
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- Authors
- Pan, Y.-C., & Lin, Y.-S.
- Affiliations
- National Taiwan University (TW)
- Corresponding author
- Lin, Yaw-Sheng
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2022-05-12
- Volume
- 13
- Pages
- 817936-817936
- ISSN
- 1664-0640 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9133351
- OpenAlex
- W4280603040
- Cited by
- 52
- References
- 120
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6
- FWCI
- 0.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (119-MY3, MOST107-2410-H002-119-MY3, MOST 107?, 2410-H-002)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer survivorship and care
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Nursing care and research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family Caregiving in Mental Illness
- Keywords
- caregiver depression, cancer caregivers, depression prevalence, spousal caregivers, caregiver burden, tumor stage, depression measurement, psychological support for caregivers
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