Aging: What We Can Learn From Elephants
Open accessAbstract
Elephants are large-brained, social mammals with a long lifespan. Studies of elephants can provide insight into the aging process, which may be relevant to understanding diseases that affect elderly humans because of their shared characteristics that have arisen through independent evolution. Elephants become sexually mature at 12 to 14 years of age and are known to live into, and past, their 7 th decade of life. Because of their relatively long lifespans, elephants may have evolved mechanisms to counter age-associated morbidities, such as cancer and cognitive decline. Elephants rely heavily on their memory, and engage in multiple levels of competitive and collaborative relationships because they live in a fission-fusion system. Female matrilineal relatives and dependent offspring form tight family units led by an older-aged matriarch, who serves as the primary repository for social and ecological knowledge in the herd. Similar to humans, elephants demonstrate a dependence on social bonds, memory, and cognition to navigate their environment, behaviors that might be associated with specializations of brain anatomy. Compared with other mammals, the elephant hippocampus is proportionally smaller, whereas the temporal lobe is disproportionately large and expands laterally. The elephant cerebellum is also relatively enlarged, and the cerebral cortex is highly convoluted with numerous gyral folds, more than in humans. Last, an interesting characteristic unique to elephants is the presence of at least 20 copies of the TP53 tumor suppressor gene. Humans have only a single copy. TP53 encodes for the p53 protein, which is known to orchestrate cellular response to DNA damage. The effects of these multiple copies of TP53 are still being investigated, but it may be to protect elephants against multiple age-related diseases. For these reasons, among others, studies of elephants would be highly informative for aging research. Elephants present an underappreciated opportunity to explore further common principles of aging in a large-brained mammal with extended longevity. Such research can contribute to contextualizing our knowledge of age-associated morbidities in humans.
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Elephants possess at least 20 copies of the gene TP5, which prevents apoptosis, or cell death, and protects elephants from cancer.
“elephants possess at least 20 copies of the gene TP5, which prevents apoptosis, or cell death, and protects elephants from cancer (Abegglen et al., 2015; Chusyd et al., 2021; Padariya et al., 2022; Sulak et al., 2016).”
From Do elephants really never forget? What we know about elephant memory and a call for further investigation (2025) · cites this paper as Chusyd et al., 2021
The Evolution and Longevity section names the gene TP53, not TP5, and says p53 can cause apoptosis—not prevent it—when DNA is damaged. The paper does support approximately 20 TP53 copies in elephants and links their enhanced apoptotic response to lower-than-expected cancer rates, but the claim reverses the stated mechanism. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHumans possess only one copy of the gene TP5.
“In comparison, humans possess only one copy (Abegglen et al., 2015; Chusyd et al., 2021; Padariya et al., 2022; Sulak et al., 2016).”
From Do elephants really never forget? What we know about elephant memory and a call for further investigation (2025) · cites this paper as Chusyd et al., 2021
The Evolution and Longevity section states that humans have one copy of TP53. The claim names TP5 instead; our copy supports the one-copy statement for TP53, not TP5. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredElephants may serve as a useful model for understanding age-related memory decline in humans.
“elephants may also serve as a useful model for understanding age-related memory decline in humans (reviewed in Chusyd et al., 2021).”
From Do elephants really never forget? What we know about elephant memory and a call for further investigation (2025) · cites this paper as Chusyd et al., 2021
Elephants are long-lived, with lifespans of 60-65 years, and some elephants even live into their 80s.
“Elephants are long-lived, with lifespans of 60-65 years (Chusyd et al., 2021; Lee et al., 2016), and some elephants even live into their 80s (Lahdenperä et al., 2014).”
From Do elephants really never forget? What we know about elephant memory and a call for further investigation (2025) · cites this paper as Chusyd et al., 2021
Despite their longevity, older elephants do not appear to suffer social inadequacies or behavioral aging.
“Despite this longevity, older individuals do not appear to suffer social inadequacies or behavioral aging (Chusyd et al., 2021; Lee et al., 2016).”
From Do elephants really never forget? What we know about elephant memory and a call for further investigation (2025) · cites this paper as Chusyd et al., 2021
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Haupt, S., & Haupt, Y. (2017) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.12682.1 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Eco‐evolutionary perspectives of the dynamic relationships linking senescence and cancer
Lemaître, J., Pavard, S., Giraudeau, M., Vincze, O., Jennings, G., Hamede, R., Újvári, B., & Frédéric Thomas, A. (2019) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2435.13394 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Grinde, B. (2012) · SpringerBriefs in well-being and quality of life research · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4393-9_2 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
What Suboptimal Choice Tells Us About the Control of Behavior
McGregor, A. (2020) · Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews · doi:10.3819/ccbr.2020.150001e · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Jacobson S. L. Plotnik J. M. (2020). The Importance of Sensory Perception in an Elephant's Cognitive World. Comp. Cogn. Behav. Rev. 15, 1– 18. 10.3819/CCBR.2020.150006E · DOI
- Lee P. C. Poole J. H. Njiraini N. Sayialel C. N. Moss C. J. (2011). The Amboseli Elephants 260-271. University of Chicago Press.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hope, S. F., Willgohs, K. R., Dittakul, S., & Plotnik, J. M. (2025) · Learning & Behavior · doi:10.3758/s13420-024-00655-y · Cited by 8 · see citing works
- Authors
- Chusyd, D. E., Ackermans, N. L., Austad, S. N., Hof, P. R., Mielke, M. M., Sherwood, C. C., & Allison, D. B.
- Affiliations
- Indiana University Bloomington (US)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- George Washington University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chusyd, Daniella E.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Frontiers in Aging
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2021-08-26
- Volume
- 2
- Pages
- 726714-726714
- ISSN
- 2673-6217 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9261397
- OpenAlex
- W3197198271
- Cited by
- 23
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3
- FWCI
- 0.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Aging (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (P30 AG050886)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Keywords
- p53 tumor suppressor, hippocampal morphology, cerebellum, cortical folding, cognitive decline, longevity, age-related diseases
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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