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Cited by 4Psychotherapy Techniques and ApplicationsArtificial Intelligence in Healthcare and EducationClinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 61 of the 61 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 8 of the 52 sources its claims cite were checked for support.

Data-Informed Case Formulation with the Trier Treatment Navigator

Open access
Moggia, Danilo, Schaffrath, Jana, Bommer, Jana, Weinmann-Lutz, Birgit, Lutz, Wolfgang·2022·Revista de Psicoterapia
DOI 10.33898/rdp.v33i123.35971
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Abstract

The current article presents a way of practising case formulation using technology augmentation in the context of data-informed psychotherapy. First, we explain how case formulation guides the decision-making processes in psychotherapy and how decisions made under an intuitive clinical judgement can be biased. The use of actuarial methods is pointed out as a way of addressing these biases, mainly through clinical decision support systems based on statistical tools and machine learning algorithms. We present the Trier Treatment Navigator (TTN), a clinical decision support system developed in a University research-based clinical training programme. We show how the TTN can contribute to an initial case formulation and its dynamic adaptations during treatment with a clinical case. Finally, we discuss how case formulation and data-informed psychotherapy are aimed at the same goal: treatment personalisation. We argue that case formulation and data-informed psychotherapy enrich and feedback on each other.

Overview

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This conceptual/clinical case article argues that case formulation (CF) and data-informed psychotherapy share the goal of treatment personalisation and can mutually enrich each other. It illustrates this with the Trier Treatment Navigator (TTN), a clinical decision support system (CDSS), applied to a single case ("Ms. Lux") from intake formulation through dynamic adaptation.

Key findings

  • The TTN combines pre-treatment prediction (optimal treatment strategy, dropout probability, psychometric assessment) with a during-treatment feedback system (expected treatment response, dynamic failure boundary) and clinical support tools (CSTs) for critical domains (suicidality risk, motivation/therapy goals, therapeutic alliance, social support and critical life events, emotion- and self-regulation).
  • In the case, the TTN flagged a discrepancy between the BSI (85th percentile) and PHQ-9 (35th percentile) depression scores via its coherency tool, and indicated a dropout risk higher than the clinic average; a motivation-oriented strategy was recommended for the first ten sessions.
  • In session ten the TTN showed a warning signal above the risk value, with problematic developments in "Motivation/Therapy Goals" and "Therapeutic Alliance"; the therapist identified an alliance rupture ("withdrawal from the therapist") and repaired it using meta-therapeutic communication, after which no more ruptures occurred and the patient reduced her working hours and resumed badminton.
  • Cited prior evidence: Lutz et al. (2021b) found therapists who followed recommended treatment strategies in the first 10 sessions obtained a differential effect size of Cohen's d = .30 versus those who did not.

Methods

  • Design: conceptual article with an illustrative single clinical case, describing the TTN and its integration into CF; no new empirical data are reported.
  • Setting/sample: the Outpatient Psychotherapy Clinic of the University of Trier (CBT-oriented, non-strictly manualised training clinic), with routine outcome monitoring at the start of each session and videotaped sessions; the case is a 48-year-old woman presenting with depressed mood, rumination, loss of interest, social withdrawal and disturbed sleep.
  • Measures described: SCID, BSI, PHQ-9, IIP-32, plus session-level alliance and process measures; TTN outputs (coherency tool, dropout risk, treatment strategy recommendation, expected treatment response, risk alerts, CSTs).

Limitations

  • Stated in the paper: little is known about the incremental benefit of psychometric assessment on CF; CF reliability research shows mixed results and is considered "modest at best" (Bieling & Kuyken, 2003, p. 52); it is unclear whether reliability problems stem from heuristic/biasing processes or methodological issues, and whether a reliable/valid CF improves outcomes; trials comparing manualised versus CF-tailored therapy found no significant differences (Emmelkamp et al., 1994; Jacobson et al., 1989; Schulte et al., 1992); more prospective studies are needed on treatment recommendation algorithms.
  • Stated implementation challenges: need for large routine datasets and ROM embedded in services; need for researcher–clinician collaboration and process/mechanism measures; therapist training, a "feedback culture," and institutional support, given documented therapist reluctance (equipment, finances, time, ecological validity concerns, perceived control, data security).
  • Evident from the text: the evidence for the approach rests on a single illustrative case plus cited prior studies, so no causal or generalisable claims about TTN-augmented CF can be drawn from this article itself.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.33898/rdp.v33i123.35971

Cites

61 of 61 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

8 of 52 cited sources checked · 4 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation
    § the trier treatment navigator and case Formulation

    Based on Trier Treatment Navigator information, the therapist can work on an initial case formulation.

    “Based on this information, the therapist can work on an initial CF (Schaffrath et al., 2022).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Schaffrath et al., 2022 source
    • Rests on an assumption: Case formulation involves and guides the processes of clinical decision-making in psychotherapy.
  • Premisecitation
    § discussion

    More recent developments in data-informed psychotherapy deal with tools from e-mental health apps and intensive longitudinal assessments, which can also be used to create, improve and customize CF.

    “More recent developments in data-informed psychotherapy deal with tools from e-mental health apps and intensive longitudinal assessments, which can also be used to create, improve and customize CF (Hehlmann et al., 2021).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hehlmann et al., 2021 source

      The Introduction describes intensive repeated assessments using mobile devices, and the Limitations and Conclusion section says digitally assessed information might help therapists adapt treatment to individual patients. The paper does not say these tools can create, improve, or customize CF specifically; it discusses treatment monitoring and adaptation instead. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation
    § discussion

    Practising data-informed psychotherapy with technological augmentation tools (i.e., CDSS, ROM and feedback systems, CSTs) contributes to better treatment outcomes.

    “Beyond CF, it has been shown that practising data-informed psychotherapy with technological augmentation tools (i.e., CDSS, ROM and feedback systems, CSTs) contributes to better treatment outcomes (Cohen et al., 2021;de Jong et al., 2021;Delgadillo et al., 2018).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Cohen et al., 2021

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites de Jong et al., 2021 source
    • cites Delgadillo et al., 2018 source

      The trial’s discussion of the multilevel models reports that feedback technology improved clinical outcomes, particularly for patients whose progress was not on track. The Procedures section describes the tested tool as outcome-monitoring graphs with automated risk signals. The paper does not establish that every tool listed in the citing sentence improves outcomes; it says that collecting outcome measures alone is not associated with improved outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation
    § discussion

    Clinicians' behaviour and attitudes, perceived usefulness, and commitment to outcome measurement mediate the impact on the effectiveness of such tools in clinical practice.

    “Clinicians' behaviour and attitudes, perceived usefulness, and commitment to outcome measurement mediate the impact on the effectiveness of such tools in clinical practice (de Jong et al., 2021;Lutz et al., 2021b).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites de Jong et al., 2021 source

      The paper’s “Mechanisms and moderators” section reports that feedback was effective only among therapists who actively used the reports. Its “Limitations and suggestions for further research” section also identifies therapist expectations as a potential moderator, but says the meta-analysis could not assess it. Our copy does not establish perceived usefulness or commitment to outcome measurement as mediators, so the sentence is more specific and certain than this source supports; page numbers were not available. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Lutz et al., 2021b

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Findingown data
    § Example of data-informed case Formulation

    The Trier Treatment Navigator's coherency tool indicated a deviation of responses on the BSI and PHQ-9 for depressive symptoms.

    “The TTN's coherency tool indicated this deviation of responses on the two questionnaires for depressive symptoms (BSI and PHQ-9; Figure 1a).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim. 31
  • It may state two separate claims as one. 17

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingown data
    § Example of data-informed case Formulation

    Ms. Lux reported only a low to moderate level of impairment on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9.

    “However, Ms. Lux reported only a low to moderate level of impairment on a depression-specific questionnaire, the Patient Health Questionnaire -9 (PHQ-9; Kroenke et al., 2001;Löwe et al., 2002) 2 .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Kroenke et al., 2001 source
    • cites Löwe et al., 2002

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § data-informed Psychotherapy and case Formulation

    Clinical decision support systems can estimate personalised predictions about the optimal treatment, treatment strategy or dropout risk, which can significantly improve case formulations.

    “Additionally, CDSS can estimate personalised predictions about the optimal treatment, treatment strategy or dropout risk, which can significantly improve CFs (Cohen & DeRubeis, 2018).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cohen & DeRubeis, 2018 source

      The Summary Points state that statistical models can generate individualized treatment recommendations, and the Discussion describes treatment-selection tools as aids to clinical decision-making. The passages do not support the added claims about predicting dropout risk or significantly improving case formulations; the paper frames clinical benefits as potential rather than established. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • Rests on an assumption: Case formulation involves and guides the processes of clinical decision-making in psychotherapy.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § discussion

    Reluctancy on the use of technical equipment, financial support, time disposal, apprehension about the ecological validity of measures, perceiving measurement as a way of control, or concerns about data security contribute to the hesitant reception of measurement in clinical practice.

    “For instance, reluctancy on the use of technical equipment, financial support, time disposal, apprehension about the ecological validity of measures (e.g., thinking that empirical findings do not reflect their everyday practice; Boswell et al., 2015;Gilbody et al., 2002), perceiving measurement as a way of control, or concerns about data security (de Jong & de Goede, 2015;Mütze et al., 2022).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Boswell et al., 2015 source
    • cites Gilbody et al., 2002 source
    • cites de Jong & de Goede, 2015 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data
    § Example of data-informed case Formulation

    Ms. Lux's interpersonal styles assessed with the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems-32 showed a strong tendency towards the submissive, distant side of the circumplex model, resulting in social avoidance and submissive behaviour.

    “Ms. Lux's interpersonal styles were assessed with the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems -32 (IIP-32; Barkham et al., 1996;Thomas et al., 2011) 3 and showed a strong tendency towards the submissive, distant side of the circumplex model, resulting in social avoidance and submissive behaviour (Figure 1b).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Barkham et al., 1996 source
    • cites Thomas et al., 2011 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingreasoning
    § Treatment Process and Dynamic Case Formulation Adaptations

    Finally, Ms. Lux could verbalize when she felt she was not being taken seriously and no more alliance ruptures occurred.

    “Finally, Ms. Lux could verbalize when she felt she was not being taken seriously and no more alliance ruptures occurred.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingown data
    § Example of data-informed case Formulation

    After intake and diagnostic sessions, the Trier Treatment Navigator provided the therapist an overview of Ms. Lux's symptom severity.

    “After the intake and diagnostic sessions, the TTN provided the therapist an overview of Ms. Lux's symptom severity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingown data
    § Example of data-informed case Formulation

    Compared with all patients treated at the clinic, Ms. Lux's symptom burden on the various scales was in the 35th (for the PHQ-9) to 85th (for the BSI) percentile.

    “Compared with all patients treated at the clinic, her symptom burden on the various scales was in the 35th (for the PHQ-9) to 85th (for the BSI) percentile.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data
    § Example of data-informed case Formulation

    Ms. Lux reported a high overall score regarding physical and psychological symptoms in the Brief Symptom Inventory, with high levels of impairment in all subscales.

    “She reported a high overall score regarding physical and psychological symptoms in the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI; Derogatis & Melisaratos, 1983;Franke, 2000) 1 , with high levels of impairment in all subscales (e.g., somatization, insecurity, depression, obsession-compulsion).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Derogatis & Melisaratos, 1983 source
    • cites Franke, 2000

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data
    § Initial Case Formulation

    The Trier Treatment Navigator indicated a higher than average drop-out risk, so the therapist planned on motivating and convincing Ms. Lux by psycho-education about the rationale of therapy.

    “Additionally, the TTN indicated a higher than average drop-out risk, so the therapist planned on motivating and convincing her by psycho-education about the rationale of therapy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingreasoning
    § Initial Case Formulation

    Following the initial conceptualisation and the Trier Treatment Navigator recommendations, the therapist planned to apply a motivation-oriented strategy because Ms. Lux's treatment expectancy and motivation to change seemed low.

    “Following the initial conceptualisation and the TTN recommendations, the therapist planned to apply a motivation-oriented strategy because Ms. Lux's treatment expectancy and motivation to change seemed low.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingown data
    § Example of data-informed case Formulation

    For the first ten sessions, the Trier Treatment Navigator recommended a motivation-oriented strategy for Ms. Lux.

    “For the first ten sessions, the TTN recommended a motivation-oriented strategy (Figure 2b).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data
    § Treatment Process and Dynamic Case Formulation Adaptations

    Ms. Lux reduced her working hours, which made it possible for her to go to badminton again.

    “She also reduced her working hours, which made it possible for her to go to badminton again.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingcitation
    § Treatment Process and Dynamic Case Formulation Adaptations

    The therapist realised that they had experienced an alliance rupture in the last session with Ms. Lux, namely a withdrawal from the therapist.

    “In the subsection on alliance ruptures, the therapist realised that they had experienced an alliance rupture in the last session with Ms. Lux, namely a 'withdrawal from the therapist' (Eubanks et al., 2022).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Eubanks et al., 2022

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingreasoning
    § discussion

    With these new understandings, the therapist could enact a different relational style and redirect the therapy to a good resolution.

    “With these new understandings, the therapist could enact a different relational style and redirect the therapy to a good resolution.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The TTN's treatment recommendations and feedback signals accurately reflect clinically relevant aspects of the patient's state and therapy process.
    • Rests on an assumption: The therapist's case formulation and interpretations of the TTN data in the Ms. Lux case are valid.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

    Findingreasoning
    § discussion

    By addressing the alliance rupture with meta-therapeutic communication, the therapist could understand Ms. Lux's experience more in-depth and enrich his CF.

    “By addressing the alliance rupture with meta-therapeutic communication, the therapist could understand Ms. Lux's experience more in-depth and enrich his CF.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The TTN's treatment recommendations and feedback signals accurately reflect clinically relevant aspects of the patient's state and therapy process.
    • Rests on an assumption: The therapist's case formulation and interpretations of the TTN data in the Ms. Lux case are valid.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingreasoning
    § discussion

    With the help of CSTs and the previous CF, the therapist was able to understand the situation, conceptualise it as an alliance rupture and repair it at the correct timing.

    “With the help of CSTs and the previous CF, the therapist was able to understand the situation, conceptualise it as an alliance rupture and repair it at the correct timing.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The TTN's treatment recommendations and feedback signals accurately reflect clinically relevant aspects of the patient's state and therapy process.
    • Rests on an assumption: The therapist's case formulation and interpretations of the TTN data in the Ms. Lux case are valid.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Findingnone given
    § discussion

    The initial relational style chosen by the therapist was counterproductive.

    “Nevertheless, the initial relational style chosen by the therapist was counterproductive.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The TTN's treatment recommendations and feedback signals accurately reflect clinically relevant aspects of the patient's state and therapy process.
    • Rests on an assumption: The therapist's case formulation and interpretations of the TTN data in the Ms. Lux case are valid.

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingnone given
    § discussion

    The TTN reflected this situation with the feedback system and alert signals of critical areas.

    “The TTN reflected this situation with the feedback system and alert signals of critical areas.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The TTN's treatment recommendations and feedback signals accurately reflect clinically relevant aspects of the patient's state and therapy process.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § Abstract

    The clinical judgment approach in psychotherapy presents high variability within therapists over time and between therapists.

    “This approach presents high variability within (i.e., changes over time) and between therapists (Lutz et al., 2022b).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lutz et al., 2022b

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • Rests on an assumption: Case formulation involves and guides the processes of clinical decision-making in psychotherapy.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § the trier treatment navigator and case Formulation

    When a patient is not progressing as expected, the Trier Treatment Navigator generates an alert signal, and clinical support tools are activated according to the assessment of critical areas that might hinder the change process.

    “When a patient is not progressing as expected, the TTN generates an alert signal, and CSTs are activated according to the assessment of critical areas that might hinder the change process (i.e., suicidality risk, motivation to change and therapy goals, therapeutic alliance, social support and critical life events, emotionand self-regulation).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lutz et al., 2019 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Treatment Process and Dynamic Case Formulation Adaptations

    The therapist was always able to resolve alliance ruptures in the same session due to his increased sensitivity to alliance ruptures.

    “Nevertheless, the therapist was always able to resolve them in the same session due to his increased sensitivity to alliance ruptures.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation
    § data-informed Psychotherapy and case Formulation

    Using routine outcome monitoring to guide adaptive decision-making during ongoing treatment has developed into the more advanced concept of personalized mental health.

    “In recent years, using ROM to guide adaptive decision-making during ongoing treatment has developed into the more advanced concept of personalized mental health (Müller et al., 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Müller et al., 2018

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § the trier treatment navigator and case Formulation

    The Trier Treatment Navigator estimates the patient dropout probability and offers the results of the psychometrical initial assessment.

    “Additionally, the TTN estimates the patient dropout probability and offers the results of the psychometrical initial assessment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lutz et al., 2019 source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § Abstract

    Research has documented limits of clinical judgment, inference, and reasoning, showing biases clinicians may have, such as overconfidence, hindsight bias, representativeness and availability heuristics, confirmation bias, illusory correlation, neglecting base rates, halo and recency effects.

    “Furthermore, research has documented the limits of clinical judgment, inference, and reasoning, showing the biases clinicians may have (e.g., overconfidence, hindsight bias, the representativeness and availability heuristics, confirmation bias, illusory correlation, neglecting base rates,”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Garb, 1998 source
    • cites Kahneman, 2013

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Meehl, 1973
    • Rests on an assumption: Case formulation involves and guides the processes of clinical decision-making in psychotherapy.

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Abstract

    Case formulation and data-informed psychotherapy are aimed at the same goal: treatment personalisation.

    “Finally, we discuss how case formulation and data-informed psychotherapy are aimed at the same goal: treatment personalisation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisereasoning
    § the trier treatment navigator and case Formulation

    The Trier Treatment Navigator recommends the treatment strategy with the highest probability of obtaining a good treatment outcome.

    “Thus, the treatment strategy with the highest probability of obtaining a good treatment outcome is recommended.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation
    § data-informed Psychotherapy and case Formulation

    The goal of data-informed psychotherapy is to use empirical data to tailor the treatment to the individual patient.

    “Rather than intuitively making decisions to treat patients, the goal of this way of practising psychotherapy is to use empirical data to tailor the treatment to the individual patient (Lutz et al., 2021a).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lutz et al., 2021a

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • Rests on an assumption: Case formulation involves and guides the processes of clinical decision-making in psychotherapy.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationown data
    § Initial Case Formulation

    The therapist's initial case formulation fits with the Trier Treatment Navigator's coherence tool, which shows a divergence of depressiveness in the BSI and PHQ-9.

    “This fits with the TTN's coherence tool, which shows a divergence of depressiveness in the BSI and PHQ-9.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § the outpatient Psychotherapy clinic of the university of trier

    The Trier Treatment Navigator offers personalized clinical recommendations, helps monitor the process and provides clinical support tools for patients who are not improving as expected.

    “The TTN offers personalized clinical recommendations, helps monitor the process and provides clinical support tools (CSTs) for patients who are not improving as expected.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lutz et al., 2019 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § discussion

    The aims of data-informed psychotherapy and CF are analogous/targeted to the same aim: personalising treatment according to individualised patient characteristics and needs.

    “The aims of data-informed psychotherapy (i.e., personalising treatment at the individual level to ensure the highest probability of treatment success) are analogue to the aims of CF (i.e., personalise treatment based on a psychological understanding of the patient's problems).”
    • Also stated in: § discussion · plain
      “CF and data-informed psychotherapy are targeted to the same aim: personalising treatment according to individualised patient characteristics and needs.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § discussion

    CF is crucial because it establishes the framework under which the information provided by the technological augmentation tools makes sense.

    “In this regard, CF is crucial because it establishes the framework under which the information provided by the technological augmentation tools makes sense.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation
    § discussion

    From the patient perspective, outcome assessment is usually well-received.

    “This contrasts with the patient perspective, from which outcome assessment is usually well-received (Lutz et al., 2021a).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lutz et al., 2021a

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § discussion

    Data helps clinicians empirically inform CF.

    “At the same time, data helps clinicians empirically inform CF.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § discussion

    EMA represents an ecologically valid assessment procedure that can provide a reliable representation of intrapersonal processes that can be used for CF.

    “In this way, EMA represents an ecologically valid assessment procedure that can provide a reliable representation of intrapersonal processes that can be used for CF (Scholten et al., 2022).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Scholten et al., 2022

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § discussion

    The information provided by the CDSS can inform the clinician's initial CF after the initial assessment.

    “The information provided by the CDSS can inform the clinician's initial CF after the initial assessment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation
    § discussion

    The expert consensus is that CF reliability is compromised as clinicians move from descriptive to inferential levels.

    “The expert consensus is that CF reliability is compromised as clinicians move from descriptive to inferential levels (British Psychological Society, 2011).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites British Psychological Society, 2011

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § discussion

    CF can provide an interpretative framework to understand the patient responses and the information provided by the CDSS.

    “At the same time, CF can provide an interpretative framework to understand the patient responses and the information provided by the CDSS.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § discussion

    The practice of data-informed psychotherapy and CF complement and enrich each other, generating mutual synergies.

    “In this sense, both practices generate mutual synergies, with data-informed psychotherapy providing empirical quantitative support and CF providing a qualitative sense-making framework of the patient's issues and therapy rationale.”
    • Also stated in: § discussion · plain
      “In this sense, the practice of data-informed psychotherapy and CF complement and enrich each other.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § discussion

    During ongoing therapy, the different tools provided to monitor treatment can continue informing CF in an ongoing dynamic process.

    “During the ongoing therapy, the different tools provided to monitor treatment can continue informing CF in an ongoing dynamic process.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § discussion

    Both practices inform and feedback to each other.

    “Both practices inform and feedback to each other.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
40 of 40

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Case formulation involves and guides the processes of clinical decision-making in psychotherapy.

    “CF involves and guides the processes of clinical decision-making in psychotherapy.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The TTN's treatment recommendations and feedback signals accurately reflect clinically relevant aspects of the patient's state and therapy process.

    “The TTN reflected this situation with the feedback system and alert signals of critical areas.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The Ms. Lux case is representative enough to illustrate the complementarity of CF and data-informed psychotherapy.

    “As shown in Ms. Lux case, based on the clinical history, the psychometric information and the treatment recommendations provided by the TTN, the therapist was able to state a case formulation to understand Ms. Lux situation and guide the therapeutic process.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The therapist's case formulation and interpretations of the TTN data in the Ms. Lux case are valid.

    “With the help of CSTs and the previous CF, the therapist was able to understand the situation, conceptualise it as an alliance rupture and repair it at the correct timing.”
4 of 4

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • PHQ-9 response scale is described as both four-point and 0-4

    Minor

    The note calls the PHQ-9 response scale four-point, but a scale with integer scores from 0 through 4 has five points.

  • Eubanks citation year differs from reference year

    Minor

    The in-text citation gives 2022, while the corresponding Eubanks, Samstag, and Muran reference is dated 2023.

2 of 2

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 9

  1. tb01159.x · DOI · Paper page
  2. Barkham, M., & Lambert, M. J. (2021). The efficacy and effectiveness of psychological therapies. In M. Barkham, W. Lutz, & L. G. Castonguay (Eds.), Bergin and Garfield's handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change: 50th anniversary edition (7 th ed., pp. 135-189). Wiley.
  3. Castonguay, L. G., Barkham, M., Youn, S. J., & Page, A. (2021). Practice-based evidence-Findings from routine clinical settings. In M. Barkham, W. Lutz, & L. G. Castonguay (Eds.), Bergin and Garfield's handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change: 50th anniversary edition (7 th ed., pp. 121-222). Wiley.
  4. Cohen, Z. D., Delgadillo, J., & DeRubeis, R. (2021). Personalized Treatment Approaches. In M. Barkham, W. Lutz, & L. G. Castonguay (Eds.), Bergin and Garfield's handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change: 50th anniversary edition (7 th ed., pp. 673-704). Wiley.
  5. Eells, T. D. (2022). History and current status of psychotherapy case formulation. In T. D. Eells (Ed.), Handbook of psychotherapy case formulation (3 rd ed., pp. 1-35). The Guildford Press.
  6. Friedlander, M. L., Heatherington, L., & Diamond, G. D. (2021). Systemic and conjoint couple and family the- rapies: recent advances and future promise. In M. Barkham, W. Lutz, & L. G. Castonguay (Eds.), Bergin and Garfield's handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change: 50th anniversary edition (7 th ed., pp. 539-582). Wiley.
  7. Kahneman, D. (2013). Thinking, fast and slow (1 st ed.).
  8. Löwe, B., Spitzer, R. L., Zipfel, S., & Herzog, W. (2002). PRIME MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)- German version manual and materials (2 nd ed.). Pfizer.
  9. Lutz, W., de Jong, Ki., Rubel, J. A., & Delgadillo, J. (2021a). Measuring, Predicting, and Tracking Change in Psychotherapy. In M. Barkham, W. Lutz, & L. G. Castonguay (Eds.), Bergin and Garfield's handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change: 50th anniversary edition (7 th ed., pp. 89-134). Wiley.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Metadata

Authors
Moggia, D., Schaffrath, J., Bommer, J., Weinmann-Lutz, B., & Lutz, W.
Affiliations
Universität Trier (DE)
ORCID
Venue
Revista de Psicoterapia
Publisher
UNED - Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia
Published
2022-11-01
Volume
33
Issue
123
Pages
151-171
ISSN
  • 1130-5142 (ISSN-L)
  • 2339-7950
DOI
10.33898/rdp.v33i123.35971
OpenAlex
W4307756470
Cited by
4
References
61
Citations by year
2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1
FWCI
0.78
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Revista de Psicoterapia (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Family Practice › Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills
Keywords
case formulation, clinical decision support systems, actuarial methods, personalized treatment

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-08, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).

A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-08 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).

Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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