Lactate as a Signaling Molecule That Regulates Exercise-Induced Adaptations
Open accessAbstract
Lactate (or its protonated form: lactic acid) has been studied by many exercise scientists. The lactate paradigm has been in constant change since lactate was first discovered in 1780. For many years, it was unfairly seen as primarily responsible for muscular fatigue during exercise and a waste product of glycolysis. The status of lactate has slowly changed to an energy source, and in the last two decades new evidence suggests that lactate may play a much bigger role than was previously believed: many adaptations to exercise may be mediated in some way by lactate. The mechanisms behind these adaptations are yet to be understood. The aim of this review is to present the state of lactate science, focusing on how this molecule may mediate exercise-induced adaptations.
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In skeletal muscle, myocytes secrete factors such as lactate, musclin and myostatin that link exercise to mitochondrial biogenesis and myocyte substrate utilization.
“in skeletal muscle, myocytes secrete factors such as lactate41, musclin43 and myostatin44 that couple exercise to changes in mitochondrial biogenesis and myocyte substrate utilization.”
From Exerkines in health, resilience and disease (2022) · cites this paper as [41]
Exerkines are not only cytokines; hormones, neurotransmitters and metabolites associated with exercise, such as catecholamines, lactate and free fatty acids, can also act as exerkines with endocrine signalling potential.
“Exerkines are not merely cytokines, however, as hormones, neurotransmitters or metabolites associated with exercise, such as catecholamines40, lactate41 or FFAs29, can also serve as exerkines with endocrine signalling potential42.”
From Exerkines in health, resilience and disease (2022) · cites this paper as [41]
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- Authors
- Nalbandian, M., & Takeda, M.
- Affiliations
- Doshisha University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Nalbandian, Minas
- Venue
- Biology
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2016-10-08
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 38
- ISSN
- 2079-7737 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5192418
- OpenAlex
- W2528335443
- Cited by
- 174
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 4
- FWCI
- 2.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Keywords
- lactate, lactic acid, exercise-induced adaptations, signaling molecules, muscle fatigue, glycolysis, energy metabolism, exercise physiology
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