Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles

AbouAitah, Khaled; Hassan, Heba A.; Swiderska-Sroda, Anna; Gohar, Lamiaa; Shaker, Olfat G.; Wojnarowicz, Jacek; Opalinska, Agnieszka; Smalc-Koziorowska, Julita; Gierlotka, Stanislaw; Lojkowski, Witold

doi:10.3390/cancers12010144

Cited by 106Nanoparticle-Based Drug DeliveryMesoporous Materials and CatalysisRNA Interference and Gene Delivery

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 101 of the 102 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 109 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.

Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles

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AbouAitah, Khaled, Hassan, Heba A., Swiderska-Sroda, Anna, Gohar, Lamiaa, Shaker, Olfat G., Wojnarowicz, Jacek, Opalinska, Agnieszka, Smalc-Koziorowska, Julita, Gierlotka, Stanislaw, Lojkowski, Witold·2020·Cancers

DOI 10.3390/cancers12010144PMC PMC7017376

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Abstract

Antimitotics are important anticancer agents and include the natural alkaloid prodrug colchicine (COL). However, a major challenge of using COL as an anticancer drug is its cytotoxicity. We developed a novel drug delivery system (DDS) for COL using mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs). The MSNs were functionalized with phosphonate groups, loaded with COL, and coated with folic acid chitosan-glycine complex. The resulting nanoformulation, called MSNsPCOL/CG-FA, was tested for action against cancer and normal cell lines. The anticancer effect was highly enhanced for MSNsPCOL/CG-FA compared to COL. In the case of HCT116 cells, 100% inhibition was achieved. The efficiency of MSNsPCOL/CG-FA ranked in this order: HCT116 (colon cancer) > HepG2 (liver cancer) > PC3 (prostate cancer). MSNsPCOL/CG-FA exhibited low cytotoxicity (4%) compared to COL (~60%) in BJ1 normal cells. The mechanism of action was studied in detail for HCT116 cells and found to be primarily intrinsic apoptosis caused by an enhanced antimitotic effect. Furthermore, a contribution of genetic regulation (metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT 1), and microRNA (mir-205)) and immunotherapy effects (angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2 protein) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) was found. Therefore, this study shows enhanced anticancer effects and reduced cytotoxicity of COL with targeted delivery compared to free COL and is a novel method of developing cancer immunotherapy using a low-cost small-molecule natural prodrug.

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TL;DR

The paper reports a mesoporous silica nanoparticle delivery system for colchicine, MSNsPCOL/CG-FA, functionalized with phosphonate groups and coated with a folic acid–chitosan–glycine complex, which enhanced anticancer effects and reduced normal-cell toxicity compared with free colchicine. In HCT116 colon cancer cells it achieved 100% inhibition at 200 μg/mL and acted mainly through intrinsic apoptosis, with additional effects on genetic and immune markers.

Key findings

MSNsPCOL/CG-FA inhibited cancer cells in the order HCT116 > HepG2 > PC3. In HCT116 cells, 200 μg/mL produced 100% inhibition at 24, 48, and 72 h; IC50 values for MSNsPCOL/CG-FA were 19.7 μg/mL at 24 h, 17.4 μg/mL at 48 h, and 17.0 μg/mL at 72 h. In normal BJ1 cells, MSNsPCOL/CG-FA inhibited only 4% after 72 h versus ~60% for free COL.
Mechanistically, MSNsPCOL/CG-FA inhibited tubulin by ~90% at 50 μg/mL, increased G2/M arrest to 14.8% versus 12.4% for 5-FU and 8.7% for COL, induced total apoptosis of 15.0% versus 10.6% for COL, and produced caspase-3 activity >1000 pg/mL. It enhanced Bax to ~14 FLD and inhibited Bcl-2 to ~0.1 FLD, inhibited BRAF by ~90% at 50 μg/mL, and reduced CD44 to 33.3 ± 3.5 ng/mL versus 185.5 ± 15.4 ng/mL in control cells.
The nanoformulation also reduced MALAT-1 to 0.3 ± 0.05-fold change versus ~160-fold in control cells, reduced mir-205 to 0.53 ± 0.05-fold change versus 14-fold in control cells, lowered Ang-2 to 174.0 ± 0.75 ng/mL versus 213.3 ± 3.0 ng/mL in control cells, and lowered PD-1 to 9.8 ± 0.3 ng/mL versus 14 ± 0.5 ng/mL in control cells, close to the normal BJ1 level of 9.6 ± 0.5 ng/mL.

Methods

MSNs of KCC-1 type were synthesized, functionalized with phosphonate groups, loaded with colchicine, and coated with chitosan-glycine conjugated to folic acid. Characterization included FE-SEM, STEM, BET surface area, EDS, NTA, FTIR, STA-DSC, XRD, and zeta potential measurements.
In vitro assays used HCT116 colon cancer, HepG2 liver cancer, PC3 prostate cancer, and BJ1 normal fibroblast cells. Cytotoxicity was measured by MTT assay at 24, 48, and 72 h; mechanism studies used flow cytometry for cell cycle, apoptosis, and mitochondrial membrane potential, ELISA for tubulin, caspase-3, BRAF, cytochrome c, CD44, Ang-2, and PD-1, and RT-PCR for Bax/Bcl-2, MALAT1, and miR-205.
Data are expressed as mean ± SD, with significance tested by Student t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, and ANOVA at p < 0.05; measurements were performed in triplicate.

Limitations

The paper has no formal limitations section. The authors state that the MALAT1, mir-205, and PD-1 results with COL and its delivery in HCT116 cells were obtained for the first time and that further deep investigations are needed.
Evident from the text: all anticancer and mechanistic data are in vitro cell-line experiments; no in vivo animal tumor model, pharmacokinetic, biodistribution, or clinical data are reported.
Evident from the text: the immunotherapy/immune-checkpoint interpretation is based on marker levels in HCT116 cells rather than immune-cell functional assays, and long-term safety or targeting specificity is not established.

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Crossref · 10.3390/cancers12010144

Cites

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In the paper
“As their surface was functionalized with phosphonate groups in MSNsP, we observed a new band at 953 cm−1 and a broad peak from 3000 to 3600 cm−1, reflecting phosphonate groups [39].”
§ Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles > 2. Results and Discussion > 2.6. Functional Group Determination
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [39] Menon, 2016, Cytotoxic Effects of Phosphonate-Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces source
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In the paper
“Castedo et al. [15] proposed that the mitotic cell death catastrophe results from a combination of deficient cell-cycle checkpoints and cellular damage.”
§ Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] Castedo, 2004, Cell death by mitotic catastrophe: A molecular definition, Oncogene source
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In the paper
“Qi et al. provided evidence that, by arresting cell cycle progression in the presence of antimitotic drugs, mitotic spindles are disrupted, and cancer cells directly undergo apoptosis via the mitotic catastrophe [16].”
§ Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites [16] Qi, 2018, Anti-mitotic chemotherapeutics promote apoptosis through TL1A-activated death receptor 3 in cancer cells, Cell Res. source
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In the paper
“Therefore, it is considered a new potential target for cancer immunotherapy [19,21].”
§ Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites [19] Silva, 2016, The PD-1:PD-L1 immune inhibitory checkpoint in Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer: A comprehensive review and future perspectives, Porto Biomed. J. source
- Check pendingcites [21] Berntsson, 2018, Expression of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1 in colorectal cancer: Relationship with sidedness and prognosis, Oncoimmunology source
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In the paper
“This observation indicates successful preparation, in agreement with previous results [26,27,37,38].”
§ Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles > 2. Results and Discussion > 2.3. Surface Area Characteristics
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites [26] AbouAitah, 2018, Folic acid-conjugated mesoporous silica particles as nanocarriers of natural prodrugs for cancer targeting and antioxidant action, Oncotarget source
- Check pendingcites [27] Shahein, 2019, Targeted anticancer potential against glioma cells of thymoquinone delivered by mesoporous silica core-shell nanoformulations with pH-dependent release, Int. J. Nanomed. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [37] AbouAitah, K., Farghali, A., Swiderska-Sroda, A., Lojkowski, W., Razin, A., and Khedr, M.K. (2016). Mesoporous silica materials in drug delivery system: pH/glutathione-responsive release of poorly water-soluble pro-drug quercetin from two and three-dimensional pore-structure nanoparticles. J. Nanomed. Nanotechnol., 7. source
- Not checked yetcites [38] AbouAitah, K.E., Farghali, A., Swiderska-Sroda, A., Lojkowski, W., Razin, A., and Khedr, M.K. (2016). pH-controlled release system for curcumin based on functionalized dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles. J. Nanomed. Nanotechnol., 7.
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In the paper
“FA was employed as the main targeting ligand, which is known for its binding potential to folate receptors, which are over-expressed on many cancers and facilitate the endocytosis pathway [26,34,35,36].”
§ Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites [26] AbouAitah, 2018, Folic acid-conjugated mesoporous silica particles as nanocarriers of natural prodrugs for cancer targeting and antioxidant action, Oncotarget source
- Check pendingcites [34] Javaid, 2018, Advances in targeting the folate receptor in the treatment/imaging of cancers, Chem. Sci. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [35] Sabharanjak, 2004, Folate receptor endocytosis and trafficking, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. source
- Check pendingcites [36] Zwicke, 2012, Utilizing the folate receptor for active targeting of cancer nanotherapeutics, Nano Rev. source
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In the paper
“Glycine was employed as a source of amino groups that require for cancer growth [33].”
§ Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites [33] Lukey, 2017, Targeting amino acid metabolism for cancer therapy, Drug Discov. Today source
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“MSNs have been investigated as a drug delivery carrier for several drugs and biomolecules [27,31,32].”
§ Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites [27] Shahein, 2019, Targeted anticancer potential against glioma cells of thymoquinone delivered by mesoporous silica core-shell nanoformulations with pH-dependent release, Int. J. Nanomed. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [31] Chang, 2013, Bioresponsive Controlled Drug Release Based on Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Coated with Reductively Sheddable Polymer Shell, Chem. Mater. source
- Check pendingcites [32] Castillo, 2019, Advances in mesoporous silica nanoparticles for targeted stimuli-responsive drug delivery: An update, Expert Opin. Drug Deliv. source
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Despite the promising anticancer effects of COL, a few COL drug delivery systems (DDSs) have been tested to improve its therapeutic efficiency through cancer-targeting [28,29].”
§ Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] Cauda, 2010, Colchicine-loaded lipid bilayer-coated 50 nm mesoporous nanoparticles efficiently induce microtubule depolymerization upon cell uptake, Nano Lett. source
- Check pendingcites [29] Muvaffak, 2004, Prolonged cytotoxic effect of colchicine released from biodegradable microspheres, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomater. source
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In the paper
“However, recent studies have revealed the intrinsic expression of PD-1 in many cancers, along with immune T cells [20,21].”
§ Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites [20] Yao, 2018, Cancer Cell-Intrinsic PD-1 and Implications in Combinatorial Immunotherapy, Front. Immunol. source
- Check pendingcites [21] Berntsson, 2018, Expression of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1 in colorectal cancer: Relationship with sidedness and prognosis, Oncoimmunology source
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Recently, antimitotic agents such as COL were reported to have a regulatory effect on most immune cell types, leading to the development of effective cancer immunotherapies [17].”
§ Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites [17] Fong, A., Durkin, A., and Lee, H. (2019). The Potential of Combining Tubulin-Targeting Anticancer Therapeutics and Immune Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20. source
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In the paper
“PD-1 is an inducible immune modulatory receptor expressed on surface-activated T cells, and its ligand PD-L1 is expressed on cancer cells [18].”
§ Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Fourcade, 2010, Upregulation of Tim-3 and PD-1 expression is associated with tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cell dysfunction in melanoma patients, J. Exp. Med. source
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In the paper
“Gupta and Dudani [13] proposed that the mechanism of action for antimitotic drugs, such as COL, includes blockade of cell growth at metaphase upon the binding of antimitotic drugs to tubulin (for COL through the colchicine binding site) due to cell-cycle arrest (e.g., at G2/M).”
§ Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] Gupta, 1989, Mechanism of action of antimitotic drugs: A new hypothesis based on the role of cellular calcium, Med. Hypotheses source
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In the paper
“Therefore, cancer-targeting delivery systems with different nano-platforms have gained attention [25,26,27].”
§ Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [25] Banerjee, 2017, Strategies for targeted drug delivery in treatment of colon cancer: Current trends and future perspectives, Drug Discov. Today source
- Check pendingcites [26] AbouAitah, 2018, Folic acid-conjugated mesoporous silica particles as nanocarriers of natural prodrugs for cancer targeting and antioxidant action, Oncotarget source
- Check pendingcites [27] Shahein, 2019, Targeted anticancer potential against glioma cells of thymoquinone delivered by mesoporous silica core-shell nanoformulations with pH-dependent release, Int. J. Nanomed. source
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Recently, the regulatory action by which antimitotic drugs inhibit PD-1 over-expression on the surface of T-cells was highlighted, and that PD-1 is strongly inhibited in the presence of the COL-binding site (CBS) of tubulin [23].”
§ Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites [23] Franchini, 2019, Microtubule-Driven Stress Granule Dynamics Regulate Inhibitory Immune Checkpoint Expression in T Cells, Cell Rep. source
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In the paper
“Binding PD-1 to PD-L1 leads to prevent from the immune antitumor effects by T cells against cancer cells [19].”
§ Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites [19] Silva, 2016, The PD-1:PD-L1 immune inhibitory checkpoint in Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer: A comprehensive review and future perspectives, Porto Biomed. J. source
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“It was reported that free COL decreased mitochondrial membrane potential in HT-29 colon cells, which led to intrinsic apoptotic cell death [6].”
§ Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles > 2. Results and Discussion > 2.18. Reduction of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in HCT116 Cancer Cells
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites [6] Huang, 2015, Colchicine induces apoptosis in HT29 human colon cancer cells via the AKT and c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathways, Mol. Med. Rep. source
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In the paper
“This, because of the vasculature of tumors, is often leaky, leading to accumulating nanoparticles in the bloodstream compared to normal tissue [45].”
§ Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles > 2. Results and Discussion > 2.9. MSN Cytotoxicity Evaluation
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites [45] Tran, 2017, Cancer nanomedicine: A review of recent success in drug delivery, Clin. Transl. Med. source
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In the paper
“Concerning the anti-apoptotic effect of CD44 expression in colon cancer, Lakshman et al. previously reported that it prevents the apoptosis killing pathway because it promotes cell transformation into a malignant phenotype with the help of other anti-apoptotic factors in the tumor microenvironment [75].”
§ Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles > 2. Results and Discussion > 2.19. Inhibition of CD44 Expression in HCT116 Cancer Cells
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [75] Lakshman, 2004, CD44 promotes resistance to apoptosis in human colon cancer cells, Exp. Mol. Pathol. source
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results create an opportunity to develop a new approach of PD-1 inhibitors through further ongoing research.”
§ Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles > 2. Results and Discussion > 2.23. Inhibition of PD-1 Expression in HCT116 Cancer Cells
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: These are the first results for COL or a DDS as a small drug molecule.
In the paper
“However, mir-205 has also been reported to be downregulated in colon cancer [88].”
§ Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles > 2. Results and Discussion > 2.21. Attenuation of mir-205 Expression in HCT116 Cancer Cells
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites [88] Orang, 2014, Diagnostic and prognostic value of miR-205 in colorectal cancer, Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. source
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In the paper
“As a result, cells cannot enter mitosis prior to repairing their DNA damage, resulting in apoptosis or death after their division [53] through various molecular signaling pathways [54,55].”
§ Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles > 2. Results and Discussion > 2.12. Cell Cycle Arrest at the G2/M Phase in HCT116 Cancer Cells
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [53] Cuddihy, 2003, Cell-cycle responses to DNA damage in G2, Int. Rev. Cytol. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [54] Johnstone, 2002, Apoptosis: A Link between Cancer Genetics and Chemotherapy, Cell source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] Hengartner, 2000, The biochemistry of apoptosis, Nature source
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In the paper
“In a previous study of colon cancer cells, Park et al. reported that knockdown of CD44 leads to inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis [71].”
§ Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles > 2. Results and Discussion > 2.19. Inhibition of CD44 Expression in HCT116 Cancer Cells
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [71] Park, 2012, shRNA against CD44 inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration, and promotes apoptosis of colon carcinoma cells, Oncol. Rep.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“We propose that the action for MSNsPCOL/CG-FA is the release of COL molecules into cells after folate receptor–folic acid interaction; the COL binds to tubulin in cells through colchicine binding sites, destabilizing tubulin [50], and further interferes with microtubule dynamics.”
§ Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles > 2. Results and Discussion > 2.11. Inhibition of Tubulin Activity in HCT116 Cancer Cells
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites [50] Lu, 2012, An overview of tubulin inhibitors that interact with the colchicine binding site, Pharm. Res. source
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In the paper
“In a study by Schmittnaegel et al., inhibition of Ang-2 together with vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) enhanced the antitumor immunity, allowing PD-1 checkpoint inhibition [89].”
§ Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles > 2. Results and Discussion > 2.22. Inhibition of Ang-2 Expression in HCT116 Cancer Cells
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [89] Schmittnaegel, M., Rigamonti, N., Kadioglu, E., Cassara, A., Wyser Rmili, C., Kiialainen, A., Kienast, Y., Mueller, H.J., Ooi, C.H., and Laoui, D. (2017). Dual angiopoietin-2 and VEGFA inhibition elicits antitumor immunity that is enhanced by PD-1 checkpoint blockade. Sci. Transl. Med., 9. source
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In the paper
“They mentioned that cancer cells uptake more MSNs than normal cells, and MSNs are more cytotoxic for cancer cells compared normal cells.”
§ Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles > 2. Results and Discussion > 2.9. MSN Cytotoxicity Evaluation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [39] Menon, 2016, Cytotoxic Effects of Phosphonate-Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces source
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Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Micro-RNAs are small non-coding RNAs discovered in 1993 that play crucial roles in cancer, including in cell viability, proliferation, invasion, metastasis, tumor suppressors, and oncogenes [83,84], allowing them to be used in cancer diagnosis and treatment [85,86].”
§ Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles > 2. Results and Discussion > 2.21. Attenuation of mir-205 Expression in HCT116 Cancer Cells
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [83] Slack, 2006, Oncomirs—MicroRNAs with a role in cancer, Nat. Rev. Cancer source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [84] Lee, 1993, The C. elegans heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14, Cell source
- Check pendingcites [85] Schetter, 2012, The role of microRNAs in colorectal cancer, Cancer J. source
- Check pendingcites [86] Cekaite, 2016, MicroRNAs as growth regulators, their function and biomarker status in colorectal cancer, Oncotarget source
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Thus, mir-205 may be a potential tumor marker and therapeutic target [87].”
§ Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles > 2. Results and Discussion > 2.21. Attenuation of mir-205 Expression in HCT116 Cancer Cells
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites [87] Jing, 2018, Expression levels of miR-205 and miR-506 in colon cancer tissues and their relationships with clinicopathological features, Oncol. Lett. source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Further post-antimitotic response can arrest the cell cycle at the G2/M phase [51] and cause apoptotic cell death [52].”
§ Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles > 2. Results and Discussion > 2.11. Inhibition of Tubulin Activity in HCT116 Cancer Cells
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites [51] Blajeski, 2002, G(1) and G(2) cell-cycle arrest following microtubule depolymerization in human breast cancer cells, J. Clin. Investig. source
- Check pendingcites [52] Kulshrestha, 2017, Microtubule inhibitor, SP-6-27 inhibits angiogenesis and induces apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells, Oncotarget source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This finding agrees with previously published data for MCF-7 cells and BJ cells treated with MSNs and phosphonate-functionalized MSNs [39].”
§ Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles > 2. Results and Discussion > 2.9. MSN Cytotoxicity Evaluation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [39] Menon, 2016, Cytotoxic Effects of Phosphonate-Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“It was shown that expression levels of folate receptors vary depending on type of cancer and the colorectal cancers show higher level than liver and prostate cancers [47].”
§ Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles > 2. Results and Discussion > 2.10. In Vitro Anticancer Effects against Cancer Cells
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites [47] Cheung, 2016, Targeting folate receptor alpha for cancer treatment, Oncotarget source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Among others, MALAT1 increases tumor formation in many cancers, including gastric, gallbladder, and lung cancer in vivo [77,78,79,80].”
§ Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles > 2. Results and Discussion > 2.20. Inhibition of MALAT-1 Expression in HCT116 Cancer Cells
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites [77] Zhao, 2018, MALAT1: A long non-coding RNA highly associated with human cancers, Oncol. Lett. source
- Check pendingcites [78] Okugawa, 2014, Metastasis-associated long non-coding RNA drives gastric cancer development and promotes peritoneal metastasis, Carcinogenesis source
- Check pendingcites [79] Wu, 2014, MALAT1 promotes the proliferation and metastasis of gallbladder cancer cells by activating the ERK/MAPK pathway, Cancer Biol. Ther. source
- Check pendingcites [80] Gutschner, 2013, The noncoding RNA MALAT1 is a critical regulator of the metastasis phenotype of lung cancer cells, Cancer Res. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The G2/M checkpoint inhibitor class of drugs leads to DNA damage, preventing cells from passing mitosis and stopping their proliferation.”
§ Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles > 2. Results and Discussion > 2.12. Cell Cycle Arrest at the G2/M Phase in HCT116 Cancer Cells
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [53] Cuddihy, 2003, Cell-cycle responses to DNA damage in G2, Int. Rev. Cytol. source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Several reports have demonstrated that COL can arrest at G2/M in different cancer cells [7,56].”
§ Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles > 2. Results and Discussion > 2.12. Cell Cycle Arrest at the G2/M Phase in HCT116 Cancer Cells
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites [7] Zhang, 2016, High-throughput drug library screening identifies colchicine as a thyroid cancer inhibitor, Oncotarget source
- Check pendingcites [56] Kim, 2013, The colchicine derivative CT20126 shows a novel microtubule-modulating activity with apoptosis, Exp. Mol. Med. source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In recent years, emerging indications are that lncRNAs, non-protein coding transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides, are responsible for a broad spectrum of biological impacts with gene regulation and other functions in many diseases [76,77].”
§ Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles > 2. Results and Discussion > 2.20. Inhibition of MALAT-1 Expression in HCT116 Cancer Cells
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites [76] Ponting, 2009, Evolution and Functions of Long Noncoding RNAs, Cell source
- Check pendingcites [77] Zhao, 2018, MALAT1: A long non-coding RNA highly associated with human cancers, Oncol. Lett. source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A check of a cited source is scheduled, or we don’t hold its full text yet; the claim is checked once it runs.
In the paper
“Although many approved therapies are efficient in cancer (e.g., nivolumab and pembrolizumab), they have many limitations, including side effects, toxicity, internal response changes in the immune system, and expense [94,95].”
§ Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles > 2. Results and Discussion > 2.23. Inhibition of PD-1 Expression in HCT116 Cancer Cells
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [94] Ottaviano, 2019, Recent success and limitations of immune checkpoint inhibitors for cancer: A lesson from melanoma, Virchows Arch. Int. J. Pathol. source
- Not checked yet
  A check is scheduled.
  cites [95] Seidel, 2018, Anti-PD-1 and Anti-CTLA-4 Therapies in Cancer: Mechanisms of Action, Efficacy, and Limitations, Front. Oncol. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, Kim et al. indicated that Ang-2 maybe play a crucial role as an oncogene in colorectal carcinogenesis, supporting tumor progression as a prognostic marker [90].”
§ Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles > 2. Results and Discussion > 2.22. Inhibition of Ang-2 Expression in HCT116 Cancer Cells
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites [90] Kim, 2017, Oncogenic function of angiopoietin-2 in vitro and its modulation of tumor progression in colorectal carcinoma, Oncol. Lett. source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“CD44 is well-recognized as a robust marker (via overexpression) of colon cancer initiation because it promotes cell adhesion, maintains cell–matrix interactions [73], and induces anti-apoptotic properties [71,74].”
§ Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles > 2. Results and Discussion > 2.19. Inhibition of CD44 Expression in HCT116 Cancer Cells
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites [73] Sahlberg, S.H., Spiegelberg, D., Glimelius, B., Stenerlow, B., and Nestor, M. (2014). Evaluation of cancer stem cell markers CD133, CD44, CD24: Association with AKT isoforms and radiation resistance in colon cancer cells. PLoS ONE, 9. source
- Not checked yetcites [71] Park, 2012, shRNA against CD44 inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration, and promotes apoptosis of colon carcinoma cells, Oncol. Rep.
- Check pendingcites [74] Schneider, M., Huber, J., Hadaschik, B., Siegers, G.M., Fiebig, H.H., and Schuler, J. (2012). Characterization of colon cancer cells: A functional approach characterizing CD133 as a potential stem cell marker. BMC Cancer, 12. source
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Therefore, it is considered as a new potential for cancer therapy [19] and efficient treatments [92].”
§ Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles > 2. Results and Discussion > 2.23. Inhibition of PD-1 Expression in HCT116 Cancer Cells
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites [19] Silva, 2016, The PD-1:PD-L1 immune inhibitory checkpoint in Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer: A comprehensive review and future perspectives, Porto Biomed. J. source
- Check pendingcites [92] Khalil, 2016, The future of cancer treatment: Immunomodulation, CARs and combination immunotherapy. Nature reviews, Clin. Oncol. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Recent studies have revealed the intrinsic expression of PD-1 in many cancers, along with T immune cells [20,21].”
§ Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles > 2. Results and Discussion > 2.23. Inhibition of PD-1 Expression in HCT116 Cancer Cells
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites [20] Yao, 2018, Cancer Cell-Intrinsic PD-1 and Implications in Combinatorial Immunotherapy, Front. Immunol. source
- Check pendingcites [21] Berntsson, 2018, Expression of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1 in colorectal cancer: Relationship with sidedness and prognosis, Oncoimmunology source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitors act by blocking the PD-1 protein and activate the immune system to treat many tumors [22,93].”
§ Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles > 2. Results and Discussion > 2.23. Inhibition of PD-1 Expression in HCT116 Cancer Cells
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [22] Syn, 2017, De-novo and acquired resistance to immune checkpoint targeting, Lancet Oncol. source
- Check pendingcites [93] Webb, 2018, Immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer therapy, J. Biomed. Res. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Jing et al. showed that the expression of mir-205 is upregulated in plasma from colon cancer patients, permitting the occurrence and development of the cancer.”
§ Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles > 2. Results and Discussion > 2.21. Attenuation of mir-205 Expression in HCT116 Cancer Cells
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites [87] Jing, 2018, Expression levels of miR-205 and miR-506 in colon cancer tissues and their relationships with clinicopathological features, Oncol. Lett. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The expression levels of the studied lncRNAs were evaluated using GAPDH, which is widely used as an internal control for serum lncRNAs in numerous studies [98,99] according to the manufacturer’s protocol.”
§ Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles > 3. Materials and Methods > 3.2. Methods
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites [98] Shaker, 2017, Association of rs6983267 at 8q24, HULC rs7763881 polymorphisms and serum lncRNAs CCAT2 and HULC with colorectal cancer in Egyptian patients, Sci. Rep. source
- Check pendingcites [99] Duan, 2016, Identification of a serum circulating lncRNA panel for the diagnosis and recurrence prediction of bladder cancer, Oncotarget source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Measurements were made in triplicate.”
- Also stated in: § 3.2. Methods · plain
  “Finally, measurements were made in triplicate.”
§ Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles > 3. Materials and Methods > 3.2. Methods
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“For the estimation of in vitro cytotoxic potency, the 3-4,5-dimethylthiazol-Z-yl-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was conducted according to Mosmann [96].”
§ Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles > 3. Materials and Methods > 3.2. Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [96] Mosmann, 1983, Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays, J. Immunol. Methods source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

88 of 88

The authors state this as an assumption.
No data are available yet on the effects of COL on MALAT1 inhibition or promotion.
“To the best of our knowledge, no data are available yet on the effects of COL on MALAT1 inhibition or promotion.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
No data are available yet on the effects of COL in either downregulating or upregulating mir-205 in cancer.
“To the best of our knowledge, there are no data available yet on the effects of COL in either downregulating or upregulating mir-205 in cancer.”
The paper relies on this without support.
These are the first results for COL or a DDS as a small drug molecule.
“These are the first results for COL or a DDS as a small drug molecule.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The results for MALAT1, mir-205, and PD-1 with COL and its delivery in HCT116 cancer cells were obtained for the first time.
“To the best of our knowledge, the results for MALAT1, mir-205, and PD-1 with COL and its delivery in HCT116 cancer cells were obtained for the first time.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Ang-2 is a pro-angiogenic cytokine that maintains angiogenesis and restricts the antitumor immune response from attacking cancer cells.
“Ang-2 is a pro-angiogenic cytokine that maintains angiogenesis and restricts the antitumor immune response from attacking cancer cells.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Arresting cells at the G2/M phase results in apoptosis.
“Arresting cells at the G2/M phase results in apoptosis.”
The paper relies on this without support.
NanoDrop2000 is very accurate for measuring even the smallest quantities of RNA.
“The concentration of RNA was determined using NanoDrop2000, which is very accurate for measuring even the smallest quantities of RNA (NanoDrop2000, Thermo Scientific, Wilmington, NC, USA).”

7 of 7

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

Conflicting BJ1 cytotoxicity values for the nanoformulation
Major
The paper reports 4% inhibition of normal BJ1 cells after 72 hours, but its summary of the same comparison gives 10% toxicity for MSNsPCOL/CG-FA.
Claim of superior inhibition at every concentration conflicts with equal inhibition
Minor
The paper says MSNsPCOL/CG-FA was more efficient than COL at all concentrations in HCT116 cells, immediately after reporting equal, 100% inhibition at 200 μg/mL.
Explanation says average particle size increased when the reported size decreased
Minor
The proposed explanation says coating led to an increase in average size, but the same paragraph reports a decrease from 391 nm for MSNsPCOL to 330 nm for MSNsPCOL/CG-FA.
Conclusion reverses the order of phosphonate modification and drug loading
Minor
The methods say the MSNs were first modified to obtain MSNsP and COL was then loaded into MSNsP. The conclusion instead describes loading COL followed by phosphonate modification.
HepG2 treatment ranking repeats the same formulation
Minor
The stated ranking places MSNsPCOL/CG-FA both above and below COL, despite the preceding comparison identifying MSNsPCOL as the other nanoformulation.

5 of 5

Analysis of Relative Gene Expression Data Using Real-Time Quantitative PCR and the 2−ΔΔCT Method
Livak, K. J., & Schmittgen, T. D. (2001) · Methods · doi:10.1006/meth.2001.1262 · Cited by 180,860
Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays
Mosmann, T. (1983) · Journal of Immunological Methods · doi:10.1016/0022-1759(83)90303-4 · Cited by 56,104
The C. elegans heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14
Lee, R. C., Feinbaum, R. L., & Ambros, V. (1993) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90529-y · Cited by 12,948
Genetic Alterations during Colorectal-Tumor Development
Vogelstein, B., Fearon, E. R., Hamilton, S. R., Kern, S. E., Preisinger, A. C., Leppert, M., de Vries-Smits, A. M. M., & Bos, J. L. (1988) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198809013190901 · Cited by 6,704
Oncomirs—MicroRNAs with a role in cancer
Esquela-Kerscher, A., & Slack, F. J. (2006) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc1840 · Cited by 5,884
The biochemistry of apoptosis
Hengartner, M. O. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35037710 · Cited by 5,779
Evolution and Functions of Long Noncoding RNAs
Ponting, C. P., Oliver, P. L., & Reik, W. (2009) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.02.006 · Cited by 4,208
Microtubules as a target for anticancer drugs
Jordan, M. A., & Wilson, L. (2004) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc1317 · Cited by 4,000
Mutation of the mouse klotho gene leads to a syndrome resembling ageing
Kuro-o, M., Matsumura, Y., Aizawa, H., Kawaguchi, H., Suga, T., Utsugi, T., Ohyama, Y., Kurabayashi, M., Kaname, T., Kume, E., et al. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/36285 · Cited by 3,837
Bcl-2 gene promotes haemopoietic cell survival and cooperates with c-myc to immortalize pre-B cells
Vaux, D., Cory, S., & Adams, J. (1988) · Nature · doi:10.1038/335440a0 · Cited by 3,355

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A Review of Microwave Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanomaterials: Reactants, Process Parameters and Morphologies
Wojnarowicz, J., Chudoba, T., & Łojkowski, W. (2020) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano10061086 · Cited by 388
Self-citation
Colchicine Alkaloids and Synthetic Analogues: Current Progress and Perspectives
Gracheva, I. A., Shchegravina, E. S., Schmalz, H., Beletskaya, I. P., & Fedorov, A. Y. (2020) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00222 · Cited by 130
Current Advances in Chitosan Nanoparticles Based Oral Drug Delivery for Colorectal Cancer Treatment
Choukaife, H., Seyam, S., Alallam, B., Doolaanea, A. A., & Alfatama, M. (2022) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s375229 · Cited by 127
Targeted therapeutic effects of oral inulin-modified double-layered nanoparticles containing chemotherapeutics on orthotopic colon cancer
Hou, Y., Jin, J., Duan, H., Liu, C., Chen, L., Huang, W., Gao, Z., & Jin, M. (2022) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121440 · Cited by 127
Targeting endothelial permeability in the EPR effect
Lahooti, B., Akwii, R. G., Zahra, F. T., Sajib, M. S., Λάμπρου, Μ., Alobaida, A., Lionakis, M. S., Mattheolabakis, G., & Mikelis, C. M. (2023) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.07.039 · Cited by 114

See all 106

Authors: AbouAitah, K., Hassan, H. A., Swiderska-Sroda, A., Gohar, L., Shaker, O. G., Wojnarowicz, J., Opalinska, A., Smalc-Koziorowska, J., Gierlotka, S., & Lojkowski, W.
Affiliations: Institute of High Pressure Physics (PL)
National Research Centre (EG)
Laboratory of Nanostructures, Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokolowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
Cairo University (EG)
Laboratory of Semiconductor Characterization, Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokolowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
Corresponding author: AbouAitah, Khaled
ORCID: AbouAitah, Khaled
Hassan, Heba A.
Gohar, Lamiaa
Shaker, Olfat G.
Wojnarowicz, Jacek
Opalinska, Agnieszka
Gierlotka, Stanislaw
Lojkowski, Witold
Venue: Cancers
Publisher: MDPI AG
Published: 2020-01-07
Volume: 12
Issue: 1
Pages: 144
ISSN: 2072-6694 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010144
PMC: PMC7017376
OpenAlex: W3000634096
Cited by: 105
References: 102
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 9
FWCI: 3.69
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
dx.doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Cancers (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Research Centre (NRC, Egypt) (Internal funding)
National Center for Research and Development, Poland (STRATEGMED3/306888/3/ NCBR/2017, project iTE, Poland)
European Regional Development Fund within the Operational Programme “Innovative Economy” (CePT project, reference: POIG.02.02.00-14-024/08)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Mesoporous Materials and Catalysis
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
Keywords: colchicine, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, targeted drug delivery, colon cancer, antimitotic agents, folic acid, phosphonate functionalization, HCT116 cells, apoptosis, MALAT1, microRNA-205, angiopoietin-2, PD-1, cancer immunotherapy, cytotoxicity reduction

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Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles

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