The Influence of Temperature on the Capacity of Lithium Ion Batteries with Different Anodes
Open accessAbstract
Temperature is considered to be an important indicator that affects the capacity of a lithium ion batteries. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the relationship between the capacity and temperature of lithium ion batteries with different anodes. In this study, the single battery is used as the research object to simulate the temperature environment during the actual use of the power battery, and conduct a charge and discharge comparison test for lithium iron phosphate battery, lithium manganate battery and lithium cobalt oxide battery. In the test of capacity characteristics of lithium ion batteries of three different cathode materials at different temperatures, the optimal operating temperature range of the lithium ion battery is extracted from the discharge efficiencies obtained. According to the research results, the discharge capacity of a lithium ion battery can be approximated by a cubic polynomial of temperature. The optimal operating temperature of lithium ion battery is 20–50 °C within 1 s, as time increases, the direct current (DC) internal resistance of the battery increases and the slope becomes smaller. Between 1 s and 10 s, the DC internal resistance of the battery basically shows a linear relationship with time. In the charge and discharge process, when state of charge (SOC) 0% and SOC 100%, the internal resistance of the battery is the largest. The SOC has the greatest impact on the polarization internal resistance, and the smallest impact on the ohmic internal resistance.
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Temperature strongly affects lithium-ion discharge capacity, with capacity dropping sharply below 0 °C and the best operating range reported as 20–50 °C. For three cathode materials tested, discharge capacity could be approximated by a cubic polynomial of temperature.
Key findings
- At −40 °C, relative capacity was 46.6% for lithium iron phosphate, 36.8% for lithium manganate, and 11.7% for lithium cobalt oxide; above 0 °C, discharge capacity remained basically above 93.4%.
- Cubic fits were reported for discharge capacity vs. temperature: lithium iron phosphate C = 13.696t³ − 424.29t² + 3588.6t + 1862.4, R² = 0.9802; lithium manganate C = 16.682t³ − 397.15t² + 3379.9t + 688.8, R² = 0.9511.
- For lithium iron phosphate, DC internal resistance was largest at SOC 0% and SOC 100%; SOC had the greatest impact on polarization internal resistance and the smallest impact on ohmic internal resistance.
- Pulse time affected internal resistance: within 1 s, DC internal resistance increased with time and the slope became smaller; between 1 s and 10 s, DC internal resistance was basically linear with time.
Methods
- Single batteries were tested in a humidity chamber with 8 temperature gradients: −40, −20, −10, 0, 25, 40, 55, and 60 °C at 40% relative humidity, using Arbin EVTS, CDS5V-100A-CD, and BTS-9000 systems.
- Charging was constant current 0.2C (2 A) to 3.65 V, then constant voltage at 3.65 V until current was below 200 mA; discharging was at 1C (10 A) to 2 V after 3 h rest, and the average of three single batteries was used.
- For lithium iron phosphate, SOC–OCV curves were obtained by interpolation at 0.2C and by a static method after 3 h rest in 5% SOC steps; regression analysis was used for capacity–temperature and SOC–OCV fitting.
Limitations
- The paper states that research needs further improvement and that the lithium iron phosphate power battery pack was regarded as a whole, so the influence of inconsistency within the battery pack on battery characteristics was not considered; next steps should introduce inconsistency parameters.
- Evident from the text: the internal-resistance and OCV analyses are described only for lithium iron phosphate, not for lithium manganate or lithium cobalt oxide, so those findings may not generalize to all three tested materials.
- Evident from the text: the title/abstract refer to “different anodes,” but the experimental objects described are lithium iron phosphate, lithium manganate, and lithium cobalt oxide cathode materials.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
7 of 17 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Among all environmental factors, temperature has the greatest impact on the charge and discharge performance of lithium ion batteries.
“Among all environmental factors, temperature has the greatest impact on the charge and discharge performance of lithium ion batteries [10].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [10] Harper, 2019, Recycling lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles, Nature source
The Stabilization and passivation of end-of-life batteries section says increasing temperature shortens discharge time in a salt solution during recycling. It does not compare environmental factors or discuss temperature’s effect on normal charging and discharging performance. Searches for the claimed comparison and for temperature-related battery performance found no passage addressing it. (LLM, conf=0.77)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingreasoning
The discharge capacity of a lithium ion battery will decrease as the temperature decreases at low temperatures, regardless of whether the cathode material is lithium iron phosphate, lithium manganate or lithium cobalt oxide.
“Through the comprehensive analysis of the above charts, it can be seen that regardless of whether the cathode material is lithium iron phosphate, lithium manganate or lithium cobalt oxide, the discharge capacity of a lithium ion battery will decrease as the temperature decreases at low temperatures [25,26].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
High temperature can accelerate the migration speed of lithium ions.
“High temperature can accelerate the migration speed of lithium ions [9].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [9] Karimi, 2013, Thermal management of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles, Int. J. Energy Res. source
Section 3.1 (page not available in our copy) says higher temperatures generally increase electrochemical reaction rates and lower internal resistance. That supports faster battery processes broadly, but the paper does not specifically say that lithium ions migrate faster. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingcitation
The polarization resistance is more affected by SOC than DC internal resistance.
“It can be seen from the figure that the polarization resistance is more affected by SOC than DC internal resistance [30,31].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [30] Qi, G., Li, X., and Yang, D. (September, January 31). A control strategy for dynamic balancing of lithium iron phosphate battery based on the performance of cell voltage. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Conference and Expo Transportation Electrification Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific), Beijing, China. source
- cites [31] Zhou, S., Zhao, Y., and Gao, S. (2021). Analysis of Heat Dissipation and Preheating Module for Vehicle Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery. Energies, 14. source
Section 2.1 mentions polarization and ohmic resistance as inputs to a battery heat-generation calculation, but does not compare how they vary with state of charge. Searches for the claimed comparison and for SOC and internal resistance found no passage addressing it. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingcitation
When the SOC is 90-100%, the sensitivity of DC internal resistance is the largest.
“When the SOC is 90-100%, the sensitivity of DC internal resistance is the largest [29].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [29] Li, 2018, Modeling and SOC estimation of lithium iron phosphate battery considering capacity loss, Prot. Control Mod. Power Syst. source
Section 3.1 says that SOC affects the battery model’s resistance parameters and describes estimating resistance at different SOCs. It does not say that DC internal resistance is most sensitive at 90–100% SOC. Searches for that range and for resistance sensitivity found no passage establishing the claimed ranking; page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
After fully standing still, the battery OCV is approximately equal to the battery balance EMF.
“After fully standing still, the battery OCV (open circuit voltage) is approximately equal to the battery balance EMF.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [32] Poynting, 1884, XV. On the transfer of energy in the electromagnetic field, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [33] Zuza, 2020, Guiding students towards an understanding of the electromotive force concept in electromagnetic phenomena through a teaching-learning sequence, Phys. Rev. Phys. Educ. Res. source
In “A. First version of the TLS (TLS1)” (page unavailable), the paper gives the battery relation ε − ir = terminal voltage; at zero current, this supports numerical equality between open-circuit voltage and emf. “B. Emf: A cross-cutting concept” also says emf and potential difference can have the same numerical value. The paper does not address the claimed condition of a battery having fully stood still or define a battery “balance EMF.” (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
The battery balance EMF and battery SOC have a fixed monotonic non-linear functional relationship.
“According to relevant research results, the battery balance EMF (electrodynamic force) and battery SOC have a fixed monotonic non-linear functional relationship [32,33].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [32] Poynting, 1884, XV. On the transfer of energy in the electromagnetic field, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [33] Zuza, 2020, Guiding students towards an understanding of the electromotive force concept in electromagnetic phenomena through a teaching-learning sequence, Phys. Rev. Phys. Educ. Res. source
The paper’s “Emf: A cross-cutting concept” section defines battery emf as work done per unit charge, but does not address battery state of charge. Searches for SOC, state of charge, and a monotonic nonlinear relationship found no passage establishing the claimed relationship. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingown data
In the charge and discharge process, when SOC is 0% and SOC is 100%, the internal resistance of the battery is the largest.
“In the charge and discharge process, when state of charge (SOC) 0% and SOC 100%, the internal resistance of the battery is the largest.”
- Also stated in: § 3.2. Relationship between Internal Resistance of Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery and State of Charge (SOC) · plain
“when the SOC is 100% and 0%, the DC internal resistance is the largest”
- Also stated in: § 3.2. Relationship between Internal Resistance of Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery and State of Charge (SOC) · plain
“According to Figure 8, it can be found that the DC internal resistance of the battery is high at both ends and low in the middle during the charging and discharging process.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § 3.2. Relationship between Internal Resistance of Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery and State of Charge (SOC) · plain
- Findingown data
When the temperature reaches -40 °C, the capacity of the lithium cobalt oxide battery is 11.7%.
“When the temperature reaches -40 • C, the capacity of the lithium iron phosphate battery is 46.6%, the capacity of the lithium manganate battery is 36.8%,and the capacity of the lithium cobalt oxide battery is 11.7%.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The discharge capacity of a lithium ion battery can be approximated by a cubic polynomial of temperature.
“According to the research results, the discharge capacity of a lithium ion battery can be approximated by a cubic polynomial of temperature.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The three tested cathode materials (lithium iron phosphate, lithium manganate, lithium cobalt oxide) are representative of lithium ion batteries with different anodes.
- Findingown data
When the temperature reaches -40 °C, the capacity of the lithium iron phosphate battery is 46.6%.
“When the temperature reaches -40 • C, the capacity of the lithium iron phosphate battery is 46.6%, the capacity of the lithium manganate battery is 36.8%,and the capacity of the lithium cobalt oxide battery is 11.7%.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
Between 1 s and 10 s, the DC internal resistance of the battery basically shows a linear relationship with time.
“Between 1 s and 10 s, the DC internal resistance of the battery basically shows a linear relationship with time.”
- Also stated in: § 3.2. Relationship between Internal Resistance of Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery and State of Charge (SOC) · plain
“Between 1-10 s, the DC internal resistance of the battery has a linear relationship with time.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Also stated in: § 3.2. Relationship between Internal Resistance of Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery and State of Charge (SOC) · plain
- Findingnone given
When the temperature is higher than 0 °C, the discharge capacity of the lithium ion battery basically remains above 93.4%.
“When the temperature is higher than 0 • C, the discharge capacity of the lithium ion battery basically remains above 93.4%.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
When the temperature reaches -40 °C, the capacity of the lithium manganate battery is 36.8%.
“When the temperature reaches -40 • C, the capacity of the lithium iron phosphate battery is 46.6%, the capacity of the lithium manganate battery is 36.8%,and the capacity of the lithium cobalt oxide battery is 11.7%.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The discharge capacity of a lithium-ion battery can be approximated as a third-degree polynomial of temperature.
“According to the fitting analysis, the discharge capacity of the lithium ion battery can be approximated as a third-degree polynomial of temperature.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The fitted polynomial between discharge capacity and temperature for lithium iron phosphate battery is C = 13.696t^3 -424.29t^2 + 3588.6t + 1862.4 with R^2 = 0.9802.
“C = 13.696t 3 -424.29t 2 + 3588.6t+ 1862.4 (1) R 2 = 0.9802 (2”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
SOC has a greater influence on DC internal resistance than ohmic resistance.
“SOC has a greater influence on DC internal resistance than ohmic resistance.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
At high temperature (≥50°C) or low temperature (≤20°C), the capacity of lithium-ion power batteries decreases in varying degrees.
“At high temperature (≥50 • C) or low temperature (≤20 • C), the capacity of lithiumion power batteries decreases in varying degrees.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
As the pulse time increases, the internal resistance of the battery increases.
“As the pulse time increases, the internal resistance of the battery increases, which can be divided into two stages: within 1 s and between 1-10 s.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
At -40°C, the capacity of a lithium manganate battery is 36.8% of its capacity at 25°C.
“At -40 • C, the capacity of the lithium iron phosphate battery is 46.6%, the capacity of the lithium manganate battery is 36.8%,and the capacity of the lithium cobalt oxide battery is 11.7%.”
- Also stated in: § 4. Conclusions · plain
“At -40 • C, the battery capacity of lithium iron phosphate remains 46.6%, that of lithium manganate is 36.8%,and that of lithium cobaltate is only 11.7%.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § 4. Conclusions · plain
- Findingown data
When temperature is above 0°C, the discharge capacity of lithium-ion batteries can basically be maintained above 93.4%.
“When the temperature is above 0 • C, the discharge capacity of lithium-ion batteries can basically be maintained above 93.4%.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
At -40°C, the capacity of a lithium cobalt oxide battery is 11.7% of its capacity at 25°C.
“At -40 • C, the capacity of the lithium iron phosphate battery is 46.6%, the capacity of the lithium manganate battery is 36.8%,and the capacity of the lithium cobalt oxide battery is 11.7%.”
- Also stated in: § 4. Conclusions · plain
“At -40 • C, the battery capacity of lithium iron phosphate remains 46.6%, that of lithium manganate is 36.8%,and that of lithium cobaltate is only 11.7%.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § 4. Conclusions · plain
- Findingown data
The fitted polynomial between discharge capacity and temperature for lithium manganate battery is C = 16.682t^3 -397.15t^2 + 3379.9t + 688.8 with R^2 = 0.9511.
“C = 16.682t 3 -397.15t 2 + 3379.9t+ 688.8 (3) R 2 = 0.9511 (4)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
When SOC is ≤10% or SOC ≥90%, the sensitivity of battery DC internal resistance to SOC increases sharply.
“When SOC is ≤10% or SOC ≥90%, the sensitivity of battery DC internal resistance to SOC increases sharply.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
When the ambient temperature is higher than 25 °C and lower than 55 °C, the discharge capacity of the battery will increase as the temperature rises.
“When the ambient temperature is higher than 25 • C and lower than 55 • C, the discharge capacity of the battery will increase as the temperature rises.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The pulse time has a significant impact on the internal resistance of a lithium iron phosphate battery.
“The pulse time has a significant impact on the internal resistance of a lithium iron phosphate battery.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
When the current increases, the sensitivity of DC internal resistance to SOC decreases.
“When the current increases, the sensitivity of DC internal resistance to SOC decreases.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The SOC-OCV curve obtained by the static method fits the polynomial y = 4 × 10^-8 x^5 -1 × 10^-5 x^4 + 9 × 10^-4 x^3 -0.0395x^2 + 0.7902x + 42.858 with R^2 = 0.9637.
“y = 4 × 10 -8 x 5 -1 × 10 -5 x 4 + 9 × 10 -4 x 3 -0.0395x 2 + 0.7902x + 42.858 (7) R 2 = 0.9637 (8”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
When the discharge current is not extremely large, the DC internal resistance and polarization resistance of the power battery will decrease as the discharge current increases.
“When the discharge current is not extremely large, the DC internal resistance and polarization resistance of the power battery will decrease as the discharge current increases.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning
When the ambient temperature continues to rise to 60 °C, the discharge capacity of the lithium ion battery of the three materials is slightly lower than that at 55 °C.
“When the ambient temperature continues to rise to 60 • C, the discharge capacity of the lithium ion battery of the three materials is slightly lower than that at 55 • C.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
As temperature increases, the discharge capacity of lithium-ion batteries first increases and then decreases.
“As the temperature increases, the activity of the active electrolyte in the lithium ion battery decreases, and the discharge capacity first increases and then decreases.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
At -40°C, the capacity of a lithium iron phosphate battery is 46.6% of its capacity at 25°C.
“At -40 • C, the capacity of the lithium iron phosphate battery is 46.6%, the capacity of the lithium manganate battery is 36.8%,and the capacity of the lithium cobalt oxide battery is 11.7%.”
- Also stated in: § 4. Conclusions · plain
“At -40 • C, the battery capacity of lithium iron phosphate remains 46.6%, that of lithium manganate is 36.8%,and that of lithium cobaltate is only 11.7%.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § 4. Conclusions · plain
- Findingreasoning
When ambient temperature is higher than 25°C and lower than 55°C, the discharge capacity of lithium-ion batteries with different cathode materials is relatively high.
“When the ambient temperature is higher than 25 • C and lower than 55 • C, the discharge capacity of lithium ion batteries with different cathode materials is relatively high.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
There is currently no clear theory on the effect of temperature on the capacity of lithium ion batteries with different anodes.
“However, there is currently no clear theory on the effect of temperature on the capacity of lithium ion batteries with different anodes in the lithium ion battery industry [22][23][24].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [22] Blomgren, 2016, The development and future of lithium ion batteries, J. Electrochem. Soc. source
- cites [23] Placke, 2017, Lithium ion, lithium metal, and alternative rechargeable battery technologies: The odyssey for high energy density, J. Solid State Electrochem. source
- cites [24] Lu, 2013, A review on the key issues for lithium-ion battery management in electric vehicles, J. Power Sources source
- Interpretationreasoning
The optimal operating temperature of lithium ion battery is 20-50 °C.
“The optimal operating temperature of lithium ion battery is 20-50 • C”
- Also stated in: § 3.1.2. Discussion · plain
“Through comprehensive consideration of discharge efficiency and cycle life, the best operating temperature of the lithium ion battery is 20-50 • C.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The cycle life of lithium ion batteries is optimal within the 20-50 °C temperature range.
- Also stated in: § 3.1.2. Discussion · plain
- Interpretationreasoning
The main reason for the slight decrease in discharge capacity at 60 °C compared to 55 °C is that the activity of the active battery internal electrolyte and the reaction strength of the electrode material decrease in a high temperature environment.
“The main reason is that the activity of the active battery internal electrolyte and the reaction strength of the electrode material decrease in a high temperature environment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Cathode material and temperature are key indicators that determine the discharge capacity of lithium-ion batteries.
“Cathode material and temperature are the key indicators that determine the discharge capacity of the lithium ion battery.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The interpolation method for obtaining SOC-OCV curve has poor accuracy because polarization voltage still exists even at a small charge-discharge rate, especially at the beginning and end of charge and discharge.
“Although the operation is simple, the accuracy of this method is poor.Because even at a small charge-discharge rate, the polarization voltage still exists, especially at the beginning and end of charge and discharge.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Excessively high temperature will cause the lattice of the cathode material to rupture, resulting in an irreversible drop in battery capacity.
“Moreover, excessively high temperature will cause the lattice of the cathode material to rupture, resulting in an irreversible drop in battery capacity.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
The discharge capacity at high temperature is close to or slightly higher than that at room temperature.
“The discharge capacity at high temperature is close to or slightly higher than that at room temperature [8].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [8] Rao, 2013, Experimental investigation on thermal management of electric vehicle battery with heat pipe, Energy Convers. Manag. source
- Interpretationreasoning
Considering discharge efficiency and cycle life, the optimal operating temperature of a lithium-ion battery is 20-50°C.
“Considering the discharge efficiency and cycle life, the optimal operating temperature of a lithium ion battery is 20-50 • C.”
- Also stated in: § 4. Conclusions · plain
“Considering the discharge efficiency and cycle life, the best working temperature of a lithium-ion battery is 20-50 • C.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The cycle life of lithium-ion batteries is optimal within the 20-50°C temperature range.
- Also stated in: § 4. Conclusions · plain
- Interpretationreasoning
The static method has higher accuracy than the interpolation method for obtaining SOC-OCV curve.
“Compared with the interpolation method, this method has higher accuracy.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- May combine two claims. 8
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 4
May combine two claims.
Findingnone givenWithin 1 s, as time increases, the DC internal resistance of the battery increases and the slope becomes smaller.
“Within 1 s, the DC internal resistance of the battery increases and the slope takes effect as time increases.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“within 1 s, as time increases, the direct current (DC) internal resistance of the battery increases and the slope becomes smaller.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe SOC has the greatest impact on the polarization internal resistance, and the smallest impact on the ohmic internal resistance.
“The SOC has the greatest impact on the polarization internal resistance, and the smallest impact on the ohmic internal resistance.”
- Also stated in: § 3.2. Relationship between Internal Resistance of Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery and State of Charge (SOC) · plain
“SOC has the greatest impact on polarization resistance and the least impact on ohmic resistance.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Also stated in: § 3.2. Relationship between Internal Resistance of Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery and State of Charge (SOC) · plain
May combine two claims.
FindingreasoningWhen the temperature is lower than 0 °C, the discharge capacity of the lithium ion battery begins to decrease, and it drops sharply as the temperature drops.
“When the temperature is lower than 0 • C, the discharge capacity of the lithium ion battery begins to decrease, and it drops sharply as the temperature drops.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingnone givenThe DC internal resistance is basically similar to the polarization resistance.
“Moreover, the DC internal resistance is basically similar to the polarization resistance.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataWhen the SOC is 10-90%, the sensitivity of DC internal resistance to SOC is relatively small, and the change is stable.
“When the SOC is 10-90%, the sensitivity of DC internal resistance to SOC is relatively small, and the change is stable.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataBelow 0°C, the discharge capacity of lithium-ion batteries begins to decrease, and decreases sharply as the temperature drops.
“Below 0 • C, the discharge capacity of lithium-ion batteries begins to decrease, and decreases sharply as the temperature drops.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Findingnone givenSOC has basically the same influence on ohmic resistance, polarization resistance and DC internal resistance.
“In addition, SOC has basically the same influence on ohmic resistance, polarization resistance and DC internal resistance.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationTemperature affects the discharge performance and discharge capacity of a lithium ion battery.
“Changes in temperature directly affect the discharge performance and discharge capacity of a lithium ion battery [7].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [7] Zhang, 2018, Experimental investigation on thermal management performance of electric vehicle power battery using composite phase change material, J. Clean. Prod. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenThe study did not consider the influence of inconsistency within the battery pack on battery characteristics.
“In the current research, the lithium iron phosphate power battery pack is regarded as a whole, and the influence of the inconsistency within the battery pack on the battery characteristics is not considered.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The lithium iron phosphate power battery pack can be treated as a single homogeneous unit for characterizing battery characteristics.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductreasoningThe average value of the temperature gradient test data of three single batteries is used as the final value to ensure accuracy and avoid random errors.
“In order to ensure the accuracy of the experimental data and avoid random errors, the average value of the temperature gradient test data of three single batteries is used as the final value.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe decrease in temperature increases the internal resistance of the lithium ion battery, which causes the discharge cut-off voltage to be reached early and the discharge to end.
“On the other hand, the decrease in temperature will increase the internal resistance of the lithium ion battery, which will cause the discharge cut-off voltage to be reached early, and the discharge will end.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe decrease in temperature results in a decrease in the activity of the active electrolyte in the lithium ion battery and an increase in the concentration, which slows down the deintercalation rate of lithium ions during the discharge process.
“On the one hand, the decrease in temperature will result in a decrease in the activity of the active electrolyte in the lithium ion battery and an increase in the concentration, which in turn will slow down the deintercalation rate of lithium ions during the discharge process [27].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [27] Wen, 2012, A Review on Lithium-Ion Batteries Safety Issues: Existing Problems and Possible Solutions, Mater Express source
The paper relies on this without support.
The cycle life of lithium ion batteries is optimal within the 20-50 °C temperature range.
“Through comprehensive consideration of discharge efficiency and cycle life, the best operating temperature of the lithium ion battery is 20-50 • C.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The three tested cathode materials (lithium iron phosphate, lithium manganate, lithium cobalt oxide) are representative of lithium ion batteries with different anodes.
“In the current study, the novelty is that we take lithium iron phosphate battery, lithium manganate battery and lithium cobalt oxide battery as the research objects”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The lithium iron phosphate power battery pack can be treated as a single homogeneous unit for characterizing battery characteristics.
“In the current research, the lithium iron phosphate power battery pack is regarded as a whole, and the influence of the inconsistency within the battery pack on the battery characteristics is not considered.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The cycle life of lithium-ion batteries is optimal within the 20-50°C temperature range.
“Considering the discharge efficiency and cycle life, the optimal operating temperature of a lithium ion battery is 20-50 • C.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
High-temperature capacity is not uniformly reduced
MajorThe conclusion says capacity decreases at temperatures of at least 50 °C, but the lithium manganate table reports 123.5% of its 25 °C reference capacity at 55 °C.
“At high temperature (≥50 • C) or low temperature (≤20 • C), the capacity of lithiumion power batteries decreases in varying degrees.”
“| 55 | 11,560.3 12,315.8 11,210.3 | 11,695.5 | 122.6 128.4 119.4 | 123.5 | 23.5 | | | | |”
Capacity does not consistently increase between 25 °C and 55 °C
MinorThe claimed increase with temperature is contradicted by the lithium cobalt oxide results: mean capacity falls from 9,842.2 mAh at 25 °C to 9,615.6 mAh at 40 °C.
“When the ambient temperature is higher than 25 • C and lower than 55 • C, the discharge capacity of the battery will increase as the temperature rises.”
“| 25 | 9842.3 9833.9 9850.5 | 9842.2 | 100.0 100.0 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | | | | 40 | 9562.2 9632.3 9652.3 | 9615.6 | 97.2 | 97.9 | 98.0 | 97.7 | -2.3 |”
Cobalt oxide fit is called a manganate fit
MinorThe paragraph introduces the lithium cobalt oxide results and Figure 7, which is captioned as a cobalt oxide curve, but describes the fitted battery as lithium manganate.
“According to the test data, the fitting between the capacity of a lithium manganate battery and the temperature is performed to obtain the fitting diagram and polynomial as shown in Figure 7”
“Figure: 7 Figure 7 . Figure 7. Discharge curve of a lithium cobalt oxide battery at different temperatures.”
SOC effects are described as both different and essentially the same
MinorThe text ranks polarization resistance as more affected by SOC than DC resistance, and DC resistance as more affected than ohmic resistance. It then says SOC has basically the same influence on all three.
“In addition, SOC has basically the same influence on ohmic resistance, polarization resistance and DC internal resistance.”
“It can be seen from the figure that the polarization resistance is more affected by SOC than DC internal resistance [30,31].SOC has a greater influence on DC internal resistance than ohmic resistance.”
Lithium manganate fit disagrees with the reported 25 °C capacity
MinorWith t defined as temperature, the stated polynomial gives 97,623.8 mAh at 25 °C. The corresponding table reports a mean of 9,469.9 mAh.
“C = 16.682t 3 -397.15t 2 + 3379.9t+ 688.8”
“| 25 | 9432.5 | 9592 | 9385.1 | 9469.9 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 0 |”
Lithium iron phosphate fit disagrees with the reported 25 °C capacity
MinorThe paper defines t as temperature. Substituting t = 25 into the stated polynomial gives 40,396.15 mAh, rather than the table's mean of 10,432.4 mAh.
“C = 13.696t 3 -424.29t 2 + 3588.6t+ 1862.4”
“| 25 (Criterion) | 10,421.1 10,460 10,416.1 | 10,432.4 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 0 |”
Opposite claims about temperature and electrolyte activity
MinorThe conclusion says electrolyte activity decreases as temperature increases, whereas the discussion says it decreases as temperature decreases.
“As the temperature increases, the activity of the active electrolyte in the lithium ion battery decreases, and the discharge capacity first increases and then decreases.”
“the decrease in temperature will result in a decrease in the activity of the active electrolyte in the lithium ion battery”
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- Authors
- Lv, S., Wang, X., Lu, W., Zhang, J., & Ni, H.
- Affiliations
- Nantong University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Ni, Hongjun
- Venue
- Energies
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-12-22
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 60
- ISSN
- 1996-1073 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4200615888
- Semantic Scholar
- d505279a0b2ce2bfed691c7d9278a8abd87ec496
- Cited by
- 99
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 9
- FWCI
- 3.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Energies (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Government of Jiangsu Province
- Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Advanced Battery Technologies Research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advancements in Battery Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Extraction and Separation Processes
- Keywords
- lithium-ion batteries, temperature effects, battery capacity, lithium iron phosphate, lithium manganate, LiCoO2, cathode materials, discharge capacity, state of charge, optimal operating temperature
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