Macroalgae-derived biofuel: A review of methods of energy extraction from seaweed biomass
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The potential of algal biomass as a source of liquid and gaseous biofuels is a highly topical theme, but as yet there is no successful economically viable commercial system producing biofuel. However, the majority of the research has focused on producing fuels from microalgae rather than from macroalgae. This article briefly reviews the methods by which useful energy may be extracted from macroalgae biomass including: direct combustion, pyrolysis, gasification, trans-esterification to biodiesel, hydrothermal liquefaction, fermentation to bioethanol, fermentation to biobutanol and anaerobic digestion, and explores technical and engineering difficulties that remain to be resolved.
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Photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) accounts for only 45-50% of energy available for photosynthesis.
“Energy losses are recorded in transferring the energy to the lower frequencies and the radiation, which is available for photosynthesis called photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) that accounts for only 45–50% of energy [25].”
From Factors Affecting Microalgae Production for Biofuels and the Potentials of Chemometric Methods in Assessing and Optimizing Productivity (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
The future applicability of algae as biofuel feedstocks is highly dependent on the development of biomass-to-fuel conversion technology that can work with wet feedstocks, or drying processes with much reduced energy requirements.
“These factors highlight the growing need for research into algae as biofuel feedstocks, with its future applicability being highly dependent on the development of biomass-to-fuel conversion technology which can work with wet feedstocks, or drying processes with much reduced energy requirements [32].”
From Investigation of Biofuel as a Potential Renewable Energy Source (2021) · cites this paper as [32]
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- Authors
- Milledge, J., Smith, B., Dyer, P., & Harvey, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Greenwich (GB)
- Durham University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Milledge, John
- Venue
- Energies
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2014-11-07
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 7194-7222
- ISSN
- 1996-1073 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2169242236
- Cited by
- 327
- References
- 171
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 11 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 7.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Energies (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Greenwich Academic Literature Archive (University of Greenwich) (acceptedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- EPSRC (EP/K014900/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Biofuel production and bioconversion
- Keywords
- seaweed, seaweed biomass, biofuels, direct combustion, pyrolysis, gasification, transesterification, biodiesel, hydrothermal liquefaction, bioethanol, biobutanol, fermentation, anaerobic digestion
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