Prevalence and predictors of anxiety and depression symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic and compliance with precautionary measures: age and sex matter
Open accessAbstract
Effective management of the global pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (also known as COVID-19), resulted in the implementation of severe restrictions in movement and enforcement of social distancing measures. This study aimed to understand and characterize the psychosocial effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in the general population and to identify risks and protective factors that predict changes in mental health status. In addition, the study investigated compliance with precautionary measures (PM) to halt the spread of the virus. The online anonymous survey collected information on sociodemographic data, compliance with PM, quality of life (QOL), and mental health via the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). A total of 1642 adult participants (71.6% women, 28.4% men) completed the survey in the European island country, Cyprus. A large percentage (48%) reported significant financial concerns and 66.7% significant changes in their QOL. About 41% reported symptoms associated with mild anxiety; 23.1% reported moderate-severe anxiety symptoms. Concerning depression, 48% reported mild and 9.2% moderate-severe depression symptoms. Women, younger age (18–29), student status, unemployment status, prior psychiatric history, and those reporting greater negative impact on their QOL, were at higher risk for increased anxiety and depression symptoms (p < 0.05). The youngest age group and males also reported lower levels of compliance with PM. Higher compliance with PM predicted lower depression scores (p < 0.001) but higher anxiety for measures related to personal hygiene. The results of this study provide important data on the effects of the COVID-19 outbreak on mental health and QOL and identify a variety of personal and social determinants that serve as risks and protective factors. Furthermore, it has implications for policy makers demonstrating the need for effective mental health programs and guidance for the implementation of PM as a public health strategy.
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The levels of clinically significant anxiety and depression in this sample of healthcare professionals are higher than those reported in the general Cypriot population during the COVID-19 pandemic.
“The levels of clinically significant anxiety and depression observed in this sample of healthcare professionals are higher than those reported in the general Cypriot population (23.1% and 9.2%, respectively) during the COVID‐19 pandemic (Solomou & Constantinidou, 2020).”
From Beyond the physical risk: Psychosocial impact and coping in healthcare professionals during the COVID‐19 pandemic. (2025) · cites this paper as Solomou & Constantinidou, 2020
COVID-19 pandemic data have echoed those findings about risk factors for worse mental health.
“and data about the COVID-19 pandemic have echoed these findings.16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21”
From Trajectories of anxiety and depressive symptoms during enforced isolation due to COVID-19 in England: a longitudinal observational study (2021) · cites this paper as [17]
Previous studies during the COVID-19 pandemic have highlighted that women and younger adults had higher levels of anxiety and depression than men and older adults.
“Previous studies during the COVID-19 pandemic have already highlighted that women and younger adults had higher levels of anxiety and depression than men and older adults,4, 17, 18 but our data show that these groups have also had faster improvements in their symptoms.”
From Trajectories of anxiety and depressive symptoms during enforced isolation due to COVID-19 in England: a longitudinal observational study (2021) · cites this paper as [17]
Pre-existing psychiatric conditions appear to be a risk factor for poorer mental health outcomes, and COVID-19 data have echoed this.
“Similarly, there has been some indication that pre-existing psychiatric conditions are a risk factor for poorer mental health outcomes,22 which has also been echoed by data from the COVID-19 pandemic.16, 17”
From Trajectories of anxiety and depressive symptoms during enforced isolation due to COVID-19 in England: a longitudinal observational study (2021) · cites this paper as [17]
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BackgroundAnxiety and Its Associated Factors During the Initial Phase of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia
Anindyajati, G., Wiguna, T., Murtani, B. J., Christian, H., Wigantara, N. A., Putra, A. A., Hanafi, E., Minayati, K., Ismail, R. I., Kaligis, F., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.634585 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Caffieri, A., Gómez‐Gómez, I., Barquero‐Jimenez, C., de-Juan-Iglesias, P., Margherita, G., & Motrico, E. (2023) · Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/aogs.14740 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Schweda, A., Weismüller, B., Bäuerle, A., Dörrie, N., Musche, V., Fink, M., Dinse, H., Teufel, M., & Skoda, E. (2020) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152218 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Ruiz‐Palomino, P., Yáñez‐Araque, B., Estévez, P. J., & Gutiérrez-Broncano, S. (2021) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121192 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“We also controlled for age, because older people may experience more stressors over time and may develop stronger resilience to difficult situations, which may help them avoid falling into depression (Akhtar-Danesh and Landeen, 2007), even under difficult situations such as that provoked by the COVID-19 pandemic (Solo…”
BackgroundAnxiety linked to COVID-19: A systematic review comparing anxiety rates in different populations
Saeed, H., Eslami, A., Nassif, N. T., Simpson, A. M., & Lal, S. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19042189 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Prior mental illness was also a contributing factor for worse mental health after COVID-19 [39,44,63,65,97].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialLázaro-Pérez, C., López, J. Á. M., Galán, J. G., & Menéses, E. L. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17165938 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Azene, Z. N., Merid, M. W., Muluneh, A. G., Geberu, D. M., Kassa, G. M., Yenit, M. K., Tilahun, S. Y., Gelaye, K. A., Mekonnen, H. S., Azagew, A. W., et al. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0244265 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
RetractedTan, Y., Huang, C., Geng, Y., Cheung, S. P., & Zhang, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.671553 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“Empirical evidence has shown that the pandemic poses negative effects on the psychological and mental well-being of various populations across countries (Cao et al., 2020; Castelli et al., 2020; Di Tella et al., 2020; Pappa et al., 2020; Solomou and Constantinidou, 2020; Xiong et al., 2020).”
BackgroundLin, J., Guo, T., Becker, B., Yu, Q., Chen, S., Stubbs, B., Hossain, M. M., Cunha, P. M., Soares, F. C., Veronese, N., et al. (2020) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s277435 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Sampogna, G., Del Vecchio, V., Giallonardo, V., Luciano, M., Albert, U., Carmassi, C., Carrà, G., Cirulli, F., Dell’Osso, B., Menculini, G., et al. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11091231 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
The Mediterranean Diet and the Western Diet in Adolescent Depression-Current Reports
Zielińska, M., Łuszczki, E., Michońska, I., & Dereń, K. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14204390 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Meaningful activities during COVID-19 lockdown and association with mental health in Belgian adults
Cruyt, E., VRIENDT, P. D., Letter, M. D., Vlerick, P., Calders, P., Pauw, R. D., Oostra, K. M., Rodríguez‐Bailón, M., Szmalec, A., Merchán-Baeza, J. A., et al. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10673-4 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Women had lower mental health than men in this study, which is in line with other COVID-19 studies of mental health in women [13, 19, 20, 22].”
BackgroundResultA Study of Older Adults’ Mental Health across 33 Countries during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Tyler, C. M., McKee, G. B., Alzueta, E., Perrin, P. B., Kingsley, K., Baker, F. C., & Arango‐Lasprilla, J. C. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18105090 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Nearly half the adults surveyed in a study from Cyprus (n = 1642) reported they were very concerned about their finances, and two-thirds said that they had large changes in their quality of life [21].”
BackgroundBeisland, E. G., Gjeilo, K. H., Andersen, J. R., Bratås, O., Bø, B., Haraldstad, K., Hjelmeland, I. H. H., Iversen, M. M., Løyland, B., Norekvål, T. M., et al. (2021) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-021-01837-2 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Coletro, H. N., Mendonça, R. D. D., Meireles, A. L., Machado-Coelho, G. L. L., & de Menezes, M. C. (2021) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.12.013 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Berman, A. H., Bendtsen, M., Molander, O., Lindfors, P., Lindner, P., Granlund, L., Topooco, N., Engström, K., & Andersson, C. R. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/14034948211027824 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“…increasing [23]. early research relevant to this study reported that younger persons and men were less likely to comply with recommendations; in terms of mental health, women, younger persons under 30 years of age and those having student status had a higher risk of anxiety and depression [24].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSarfraz, M., Ji, X., Asghar, M., Ivaşcu, L., & Öztürk, İ. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19052657 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“1%) due to the increasing financial concerns [52].”
BackgroundPrevalence of Burnout among Teachers during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Meta-Analysis
Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N., Fernández, I. L., Lipnicki, D. M., Mondragón, N. I., & Santabárbara, J. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20064866 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“This differs from studies carried out with more general populations, where more psychological symptomatology has been found among younger people than among older people [67,68].”
ResultIntolerance of uncertainty and reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic
Bavoľár, J., Kačmár, P., Hricová, M., Schrötter, J., Holevová, B. K., Köverová, M., & Ráczová, B. (2021) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.2021.1922346 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“…to recommendations (social distancing, use of masks, increased hygiene) which is not only related to demographic characteristics (age, gender; Solomou & Constantinidou, 2020; Tomczyk, Rahn, & Schmidt, 2020), but also to psychological variables such as trust in science and the Big Five…”
BackgroundKalaitzaki, A. E. (2021) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.12750 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Fenollar-Cortés, J., Jiménez, Ó., Ruiz-García, A., & Resurrección, D. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.682860 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
COVID-19 complications in males and females: recent developments
Chaturvedi, R., Lui, B., Aaronson, J. A., White, R. S., & Samuels, J. D. (2022) · Journal of Comparative Effectiveness Research · doi:10.2217/cer-2022-0027 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Stress Perceived by University Health Sciences Students, 1 Year after COVID-19 Pandemic
Marcén-Román, Y., Gasch-Gallen, A., Vela Martín de la Mota, I. I., Calatayud, E., Gómez-Soria, I., & Rodríguez-Roca, B. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18105233 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Minhas, M., Belisario, K. L., González‐Roz, A., Halladay, J. E., Murphy, J. G., & MacKillop, J. M. (2021) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.14624 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“…administered to evaluate self- reported clinical symptoms of depression using the Patient Health Questionnaire- 9 (PHQ- 9; Kroenke et al., 2010), anxiety using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder- 7 (GAD- 7; Spitzer et al., 2006), and PTSD using the PTSD Checklist- 5 (PCL- 5; Blevins et al., 2015).”
MethodChen, D. T.-H., & Wang, Y.-J. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18031014 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Our findings are consistent with recent studies on the exacerbation of psychosocial disorders among vulnerable populations, such as marginalised individuals or those with pre-existing mental conditions [16,17].”
ResultSrifuengfung, M., Thana‐udom, K., Ratta‐apha, W., Chulakadabba, S., Sanguanpanich, N., & Viravan, N. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.044 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The COVID-19 pandemic in Italy: Depressive symptoms immediately before and after the first lockdown
Medda, E., Toccaceli, V., Gigantesco, A., Picardi, A., Fagnani, C., & Stazi, M. A. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.129 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Lin, S. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.01.100 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Furthermore, being women, younger age, student status, unemployment, and past psychiatric history were all identified as risk factors for anxiety amidst this public health emergency (Solomou and Constantinidou, 2020).”
Seng, V. O. K., Sarwar, A., & Pervez, N. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1056834 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Al-Shannaq, Y., Mohammad, A. A., & Aldalaykeh, M. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06873 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Previous studies have indicated that the COVID-19 pandemic has affected people's health-related quality of life [4, 18, 20, 50].”
InfluentialConsonni, M., Telesca, A., Grazzi, L., Cazzato, D., & Lauria, G. (2020) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-020-04890-9 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Similarly to our results, several recent studies documented its negative impact on QoL, habits, behaviour and mental health in patients with chronic diseases and in the general population [8, 16, 25, 26].”
ResultUeda, R., Okada, T., Kita, Y., Ozawa, Y., Inoue, H., Shioda, M., Kono, Y., Kono, C., Nakamura, Y., Amemiya, K., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-82743-x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Motivations and Limits for COVID-19 Policy Compliance in Germany and Switzerland
Zimmermann, B., Fiske, A., McLennan, S., Sierawska, A., Hangel, N., & Buyx, A. (2021) · International Journal of Health Policy and Management · doi:10.34172/ijhpm.2021.30 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Mumtaz, A., Manzoor, F., Jiang, S., & Rahaman, M. A. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9040424 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Therefore, controlling these demographic variables may be useful as they can affect the model [45].”
BackgroundAli, M., Uddin, Z., Ahsan, N. F., Haque, M. Z., Bairagee, M., Khan, S. A., & Hossain, A. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06985 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“6 suggested that in the COVID-19 pandemic, a higher number of younger adults were suffering from anxiety and insomnia than older adults (Solomou and Constantinidou, 2020).”
Indu, P. V., Vijayan, B., Tharayil, H. M., Ayirolimeethal, A., & Vidyadharan, V. (2021) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102812 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Sampogna, G., Giallonardo, V., Del Vecchio, V., Luciano, M., Albert, U., Carmassi, C., Carrà, G., Cirulli, F., Dell'Osso, B., Menculini, G., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.788139 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Qeadan, F., Mensah, N. A., Tingey, B., Bern, R., Rees, T., Talboys, S., Singh, T. P., Lacey, S. E., & Shoaf, K. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17176295 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Bäuerle, A., Musche, V., Schmidt, K., Schweda, A., Fink, M., Weismüller, B., Dinse, H., Herrmann, K., Tewes, M., Schadendorf, D., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18052318 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Thereby, being female, at younger age, student or unemployed, a psychiatric history, or experiencing a greater negative impact on the quality of life pose risk factors for increased depression and anxiety symptoms [12,13].”
BackgroundSardella, A., Lenzo, V., Bonanno, G. A., Basile, G., & Quattropani, M. C. A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18041698 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“The progressive restrictions due to the COVID-19 outbreak have dramatically unsettled our daily lives, forcing us to maintain social distance from friends and relatives, which inevitably leads to a psychological burden that is often not easy to sustain [54,55].”
BackgroundNicolaidou, I. A., Aristeidis, L., & Lambrinos, L. (2022) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076221109059 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Fteropoulli, T., Kalavana, T. V., Yiallourou, A., Karaiskakis, M., Koliou Mazeri, M., Vryonides, S., Hadjioannou, A., & Nikolopoulos, G. K. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.15938 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Anxiety was measured using the Greek translation of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) (Spitzer et al., 2006 ).”
Villarreal‐Zegarra, D., Copez-Lonzoy, A. J. E., Vilela-Estrada, A. L., & Huarcaya-Victoria, J. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03456-z · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“On the one hand, different studies have identified that age is negatively associated with anxious symptoms in the general population and is more frequent in younger people [55, 56] and that the general population has higher levels of anxiety and depression than health professionals [57].”
BackgroundKlinger, C., Burns, J., Movsisyan, A., Biallas, R. L., Norris, S. L., Rabe, J. E., Stratil, J. M., Voß, S., Wabnitz, K. J. P., Rehfuess, E. A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Travel Medicine · doi:10.1093/jtm/taab123 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“In Cyprus, having a firstdegree relative trapped abroad was found to be associated with higher anxiety levels, and being personally trapped abroad was associated with higher depression levels.(43) Cross-border commuters in the European Union were confronted with financial insecurity and unemployment as a result of bor…”
BackgroundMoradian, S., Teufel, M., Jahre, L. M., Musche, V., Fink, M., Dinse, H., Schweda, A., Weismüller, B., Dörrie, N., Tan, S., et al. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-12101-z · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Thus, pre-existing mental illness appears to be a risk factor for psychological burden, as well as being female, at younger age, a student or unemployed [16, 17].”
BackgroundEmotional State of Mexican University Students in the COVID-19 Pandemic
Santamaría, M. D., Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N., Mondragón, N. I., Reyes-Sosa, H., & Santabárbara, J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19042155 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Many factors have been studied to see which groups have been the most vulnerable, and, in terms of age, many studies have observed that university students have suffered the most from the pandemic, having presented high levels of psychological impact [10,11].”
BackgroundKoinig, K. A., Arnold, C., Lehmann, J., Giesinger, J., Köck, S., Willenbacher, W., Weger, R., Holzner, B., Ganswindt, U., Wolf, D., et al. (2021) · Cancer Medicine · doi:10.1002/cam4.3950 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Nearchou, F., & Douglas, E. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18168485 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Being a woman has also been reported as a risk factor of experiencing higher depression, anxiety and posttraumatic stress symptoms during this pandemic [8,19,20,22].”
BackgroundGullo, S., Misici, I., Teti, A., Liuzzi, M., & Chiara, E. (2021) · Research in Psychotherapy Psychopathology Process and Outcome · doi:10.4081/ripppo.2020.494 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“The relationship between being unemployed and anxiety and depression levels that we found is in line with other studies (Solomou & Constantinidou, 2020).”
BackgroundResultCOVID-19 and Risk Factors of Anxiety and Depression in South Korea
Hyun, J., Kim, S.-J., Kim, H., Choi, Y., Choi, Y., Lee, Y., Paik, J., Lee, J.-S., Kim, K., Jun, J. Y., et al. (2021) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2021.0125 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
COVID-19 Pandemic and Death Anxiety in Security Forces in Spain
Lázaro-Pérez, C., López, J. Á. M., Galán, J. G., & Martínez, M. D. M. F. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17217760 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Bailey, B., Whelen, M. L., & Strunk, D. R. (2021) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12284 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Chen, H., Gao, J., Dai, J., Mao, Y., Wang, Y., Chen, S., Xiao, Q., Jia, Y., Zheng, P., & Fu, H. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11877-4 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“1% of the general population of Cyprus reported symptoms associated with mild and moderate-to-severe GAD [15].”
BackgroundRahme, C., Akel, M., Obeïd, S., & Hallit, S. R. (2021) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00674-8 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“research about this association, are consistent; while a previous study showed that younger age had a negative impact on quality of life [45], another research showed that higher physical QOL were reported in the group aged 79–90 [46].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialFukase, Y., Ichikura, K., Murase, H., & Tagaya, H. (2022) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.110737 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Banholzer, N., Feuerriegel, S., & Vach, W. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-11362-x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
García‐Lara, R. A., Gómez‐Urquiza, J. L., Membrive‐Jiménez, M. J., Velando‐Soriano, A., Granados-Bolivar, M. E., Romero‐Béjar, J. L., & Suleiman‐Martos, N. (2022) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm12091412 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“This study suggests a higher prevalence of anxiety and stress diabetes in T1DM patients, as corroborated by other studies that found several factors related to worse mental health such as T1DM or the female gender [70,77].”
ResultPsychological impact of the coronavirus 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic on nurses
Maqbali, M. A. H. A., & Khadhuri, J. E. A. (2021) · Japan Journal of Nursing Science · doi:10.1111/jjns.12417 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Further, other studies have suggested that stress, anxiety and depression decline with increased age (Solomou & Constantinidou, 2020; Tull et al., 2020).”
BackgroundSazakli, E., Leotsinidis, M., Bakola, M., Kitsou, K. S., Katsifara, A., Konstantopoulou, A., & Jelastopulu, E. (2021) · Journal of Public Health Research · doi:10.4081/jphr.2021.2089 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“In line with this and other surveys [24], students in our university that have at their disposal less than 100 € to spend for their monthly personal needs were at higher risk of developing anxiety and depression, compared to their colleagues spending more than 300 €.”
ResultPredictors of negative psychosocial and health behavior impact of COVID-19 among young adults
Romm, K. F., Patterson, B., Wysota, C. N., Wang, Y., & Berg, C. J. (2021) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/cyab026 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Prior research suggests that increases in anxiety and depression are associated with being female [4, 25, 26], younger in age [25], having a friend or relative diagnosed with COVID-19 [4], lower family income [27], less social support [27] and being unemployed [26].”
BackgroundResultPadilla‐Walker, L. M., der Graaff, J. V., Workman, K., Carlo, G., Branje, S., Carrizales, A., Gerbino, M., Gülseven, Z., Hawk, S. T., Kanacri, B. P. L., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/01650254221084098 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Matthews, T. A., Chen, L., Omidakhsh, N., Zhang, D. “., Han, X., Chen, Z., Shi, L., Li, Y., Wen, M., Li, H., et al. (2022) · Industrial Health · doi:10.2486/indhealth.2022-0077 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Albikawi, Z. F. (2022) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm12111887 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Gutiérrez-Pérez, I. A., Delgado‐Floody, P., Jerez‐Mayorga, D., Soto, D., Navarrete, F. C., Parra‐Rojas, I., Molina, N., & Guzmán‐Guzmán, I. P. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18105450 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“In Cyprus, a negative impact on the quality of life is associated with the female sex (between 18 and 29 years), in addition to having a greater risk of suffering symptoms of depression and anxiety [25].”
BackgroundAlesci, A., Fumia, A., Cascio, P. L., Miller, A., & Cicero, N. (2021) · Journal of the American Nutrition Association · doi:10.1080/07315724.2021.1965503 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Mehanna, A., Elhadi, Y. A. M., & Lucero‐Prisno, D. E. (2021) · Pan African Medical Journal · doi:10.11604/pamj.2021.39.135.29171 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“This finding was supported by several studies [14-18] which all agreed that females were more compliant to health-related guidelines than males.”
ResultThe Psychological and Quality of Life Impacts on Women in Hong Kong during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Hung, M. S. Y., Lam, S. K. K., Chan, L. C. K., Liu, S. P. S., & Chow, M. C. M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18136734 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Previous research suggested a positive correlation between fear of COVID-19 and change in public health behaviors, enhancing the citizens’ compliance with public health behaviors, such as maintaining social distancing and hand hygiene [13,24].”
BackgroundResultCompliance with COVID-19 prevention guidelines: Active vs. passive risk takers
Keinan, R., Idan, T., & Bereby‐Meyer, Y. (2021) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500008287 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Emotional responses, such as fear of the pandemic (Harper, Satchell, Fido & Latzman, 2020) or anxiety (Solomou & Constantinidou, 2020) have been found to promote cooperation with preventive measures.”
BackgroundHerrera‐Añazco, P., Urrunaga‐Pastor, D., Benites-Zapata, V. A., Bendezú-Quispe, G., Toro-Huamanchumo, C. J., & Hernández, A. V. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.727034 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Xu, Y., Ni, Y., Yang, J., Wu, J., Lin, Y., Li, J., Zeng, W., Zeng, Y., Huang, D., Wu, X., et al. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-01853-z · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“A number of studies have also shown differences between male and female students with regard to resilience, perception, recovery and growth in the face of trauma [16].”
Background
- Authors
- Solomou, I., & Constantinidou, F.
- Affiliations
- University of Cyprus (CY)
- Corresponding author
- Constantinidou, Fofi
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-07-08
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 4924
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7400373
- OpenAlex
- W3041468347
- Cited by
- 591
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 92 · 2022: 197 · 2021: 185 · 2020: 35
- FWCI
- 50.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, quality of life, mental health, risk and protective factors, age and sex differences, financial concerns, unemployment, social distancing, personal hygiene, Cyprus
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Cyprus, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Patient Compliance, Pneumonia, Viral, Quality of Life, Surveys and Questionnaires, Prevalence, Universal Precautions, Coronavirus Infections, Young Adult, Pandemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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