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Newly Emerging Airborne Pollutants: Current Knowledge of Health Impact of Micro and Nanoplastics

Facciolà, Alessio, Visalli, Giuseppa, Pruiti Ciarello, Marianna, Di Pietro, Angela·2021·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
DOI 10.3390/ijerph18062997PMC PMC7998604
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Abstract

Plastics are ubiquitous persistent pollutants, forming the most representative material of the Anthropocene. In the environment, they undergo wear and tear (i.e., mechanical fragmentation, and slow photo and thermo-oxidative degradation) forming secondary microplastics (MPs). Further fragmentation of primary and secondary MPs results in nanoplastics (NPs). To assess potential health damage due to human exposure to airborne MPs and NPs, we summarize the evidence collected to date that, however, has almost completely focused on monitoring and the effects of airborne MPs. Only in vivo and in vitro studies have assessed the toxicity of NPs, and a standardized method for their analysis in environmental matrices is still missing. The main sources of indoor and outdoor exposure to these pollutants include synthetic textile fibers, rubber tires, upholstery and household furniture, and landfills. Although both MPs and NPs can reach the alveolar surface, the latter can pass into the bloodstream, overcoming the pulmonary epithelial barrier. Despite the low reactivity, the number of surface area atoms per unit mass is high in MPs and NPs, greatly enhancing the surface area for chemical reactions with bodily fluids and tissue in direct contact. This is proven in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and flock workers, who are prone to persistent inflammatory stimulation, leading to pulmonary fibrosis or even carcinogenesis.

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Figure 1 Size-selective inhalation of airborne microplastics involves specific regions of the respiratory tract: inhalable fraction (upper and lower airways) and respirable fraction (deep airway).
Figure 1 Size-selective inhalation of airborne microplastics involves specific regions of the respiratory tract: inhalable fraction (upper and lower airways) and respirable fraction (deep airway).CC BY · PubMed Central

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Authors
Facciolà, A., Visalli, G., Pruiti Ciarello, M., & Di Pietro, A.
Affiliations
Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, I-98100 Messina, Italy
ORCID
Visalli, Giuseppa
Venue
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2021-03-15
Volume
18
Issue
6
Pages
2997
ISSN
1660-4601
DOI
10.3390/ijerph18062997
PMC
PMC7998604
Cited by
152
References
15
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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