Perceived Stress Scale: Reliability and Validity Study in Greece
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Objective: To translate the Perceived Stress Scale (versions PSS-4, -10 and -14) and to assess its psychometric properties in a sample of general Greek population. Methods: 941 individuals completed anonymously questionnaires comprising of PSS, the Depression Anxiety and Stress scale (DASS-21 version), and a list of stress-related symptoms. Psychometric properties of PSS were investigated by confirmatory factor analysis (construct validity), Cronbach’s alpha (reliability), and by investigating relations with the DASS-21 scores and the number of symptoms, across individuals’ characteristics. The two-factor structure of PSS-10 and PSS-14 was confirmed in our analysis. We found satisfactory Cronbach’s alpha values (0.82 for the full scale) for PSS-14 and PSS-10 and marginal satisfactory values for PSS-4 (0.69). PSS score exhibited high correlation coefficients with DASS-21 subscales scores, meaning stress (r = 0.64), depression (r = 0.61), and anxiety (r = 0.54). Women reported significantly more stress compared to men and divorced or widows compared to married or singled only. A strong significant (p < 0.001) positive correlation between the stress score and the number of self-reported symptoms was also noted. Conclusions: The Greek versions of the PSS-14 and PSS-10 exhibited satisfactory psychometric properties and their use for research and health care practice is warranted.
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The PSS, SSAI, STAI, and EPDS questionnaires have been widely used in pregnancy studies.
“These questionnaires have been widely used in pregnancy studies.36,37,38,39,40,41”
From Association of prenatal maternal psychological distress with fetal brain growth, metabolism, and cortical maturation. (2020) · cites this paper as [41]
Psychometrically sound questionnaires measuring stress, anxiety, and depression were used and completed on the same day as each fetal MRI visit.
“Psychometrically sound questionnaires measuring stress, anxiety, and depression were used and completed on the same day as each fetal MRI visit.”
From Association of Elevated Maternal Psychological Distress, Altered Fetal Brain, and Offspring Cognitive and Social-Emotional Outcomes at 18 Months (2022) · cites this paper as [25]
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- Authors
- Andreou, E., Alexopoulos, E. C., Lionis, C., Varvogli, L., Gnardellis, C., Chrousos, G. P., & Darviri, C.
- Affiliations
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
- University of Crete (GR)
- Technological Educational Institute of Western Greece (GR)
- Corresponding author
- Alexopoulos, Evangelos C.
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2011-08-11
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 3287-3298
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3166743
- OpenAlex
- W2133502190
- Cited by
- 641
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 88 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 24.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Health and Well-being Studies
- Keywords
- Perceived Stress Scale, PSS-14, PSS-10, psychometric properties, Greek translation, cross-cultural adaptation, construct validity, reliability statistics, DASS-21, depression, anxiety, stress, sex differences, marital status, stress symptoms
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety, Cities, Depression, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Greece, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychological Tests, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stress, Psychological, Reproducibility of Results, Sex Distribution, Young Adult
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