Vitamin C and Heart Health: A Review Based on Findings from Epidemiologic Studies
Open accessAbstract
Vitamin C is a powerful dietary antioxidant that has received considerable attention in the literature related to its possible role in heart health. Although classical vitamin C deficiency, marked by scurvy, is rare in most parts of the world, some research has shown variable heart disease risks depending on plasma vitamin C concentration, even within the normal range. Furthermore, other studies have suggested possible heart-related benefits to vitamin C taken in doses beyond the minimal amounts required to prevent classically defined deficiency. The objective of this review is to systematically review the findings of existing epidemiologic research on vitamin C and its potential role in cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is well established that vitamin C inhibits oxidation of LDL-protein, thereby reducing atherosclerosis, but the cardiovascular outcomes related to this action and other actions of vitamin C are not fully understood. Randomized controlled trials as well as observational cohort studies have investigated this topic with varying results. Vitamin C has been linked in some work to improvements in lipid profiles, arterial stiffness, and endothelial function. However, other studies have failed to confirm these results, and observational cohort studies are varied in their findings on the vitamin’s effect on CVD risk and mortality. Overall, current research suggests that vitamin C deficiency is associated with a higher risk of mortality from CVD and that vitamin C may slightly improve endothelial function and lipid profiles in some groups, especially those with low plasma vitamin C levels. However, the current literature provides little support for the widespread use of vitamin C supplementation to reduce CVD risk or mortality.
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The relationship between higher plasma vitamin C and lower cardiovascular risk seems to be valid only for inadequate plasma levels.
“However, this relationship seems to be valid only for inadequate plasma levels.”
From Vitamin C-Sources, Physiological Role, Kinetics, Deficiency, Use, Toxicity, and Determination (2021) · cites this paper as [189]
The Observational Cohort Studies section says the inverse relationship may hold even within clinically normal plasma vitamin C concentrations. The Conclusions likewise report increased cardiovascular risk among people with the lowest concentrations even when they are not classified as deficient. That contradicts the claim that the relationship is valid only at inadequate levels. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn adequate vitamin C plasma levels, supplementation with vitamin C has a little effect.
“In adequate vitamin C plasma levels, supplementation with vitamin C has a little effect [2,5,189].”
From Vitamin C-Sources, Physiological Role, Kinetics, Deficiency, Use, Toxicity, and Determination (2021) · cites this paper as [189]
The Conclusions (page not available in our copy) say there is little support for vitamin C supplementation to reduce heart disease risk. The paper does not establish that supplementation has little effect specifically in people with adequate plasma vitamin C levels, and its Meta-Analyses section reports possible benefits for blood pressure and endothelial function. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHigher levels of plasma vitamin C are correlated with a lower risk of coronary artery disease and mortality in terms of cardiovascular diseases.
“Higher levels of plasma vitamin C are correlated with a lower risk of coronary artery disease and mortality in terms of cardiovascular diseases.”
From Vitamin C-Sources, Physiological Role, Kinetics, Deficiency, Use, Toxicity, and Determination (2021) · cites this paper as [189]
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- Authors
- Moser, M., & Chun, O.
- Affiliations
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- University of Connecticut (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chun, Ock
- Venue
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2016-08-12
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1328
- ISSN
- 1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5000725
- OpenAlex
- W2517706500
- Cited by
- 222
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 2.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Vitamin C and Antioxidants Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- vitamin C, cardiovascular disease, scurvy, plasma vitamin C concentration, LDL oxidation, atherosclerosis, endothelial function, arterial stiffness, lipid profile, cardiovascular mortality, vitamin C supplementation
- MeSH terms
- Antioxidants, Ascorbic Acid, Cardiovascular Diseases, Humans, Oxidation-Reduction, Epidemiologic Studies, Dietary Supplements
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