Metabolomics of type 1 and type 2 diabetes
Open accessAbstract
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) are chronic diseases that affect nearly 425 million people worldwide, leading to poor health outcomes and high health care costs. High-throughput metabolomics screening can provide vital insight into the pathophysiological pathways of DM and help in managing its effects. The primary aim of this study was to contribute to the understanding and management of DM by providing reliable evidence of the relationships between metabolites and type 1 diabetes (T1D) and metabolites and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Information for the study was obtained from the PubMed, MEDLINE, and EMBASE databases, and leads to additional articles that were obtained from the reference lists of the studies examined. The results from the selected studies were used to assess the relationships between diabetes (T1D and/or T2D) and metabolite markers—such as glutamine, glycine, and aromatic amino acids—in patients. Seventy studies were selected from the three databases and from the reference lists in the records retrieved. All studies explored associations between various metabolites and T1D or T2D. This review identified several plasma metabolites associated with T2D prediabetes and/or T1D and/or T2D in humans. The evidence shows that metabolites such as glucose, fructose, amino acids, and lipids are typically altered in individuals with T1D and T2D. These metabolites exhibit significant predictive associations with T2D prediabetes, T1D, and/or T2D. The current review suggests that changes in plasma metabolites can be identified by metabolomic techniques and used to identify and analyze T1D and T2D biomarkers. The results of the metabolomic studies can be used to help create effective interventions for managing these diseases.
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When the insulin signaling pathway fails, the expression of GSK3β improves, which reduces the insulin sensitivity and increases the levels of blood glucose, thus subsequently leading to type 2 diabetes.
“When the insulin signaling pathway fails, the expression of GSK3β improves, which reduces the insulin sensitivity and increases the levels of blood glucose, thus subsequently leading to T2D (72, 96, 97).”
From Diabetes and Sarcopenic Obesity: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatments (2020) · cites this paper as [96]
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- Authors
- Arneth, B., Arneth, R., & Shams, M.
- Affiliations
- Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen (DE)
- Mansoura University (EG)
- Corresponding author
- Arneth, Borros
- Venue
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2019-05-18
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 2467
- ISSN
- 1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6566263
- OpenAlex
- W2945582641
- Cited by
- 262
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 5
- FWCI
- 2.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- University writing server of the Justus Liebig University Giessen (Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Universitätsbibliothek Gießen (cc-by)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, metabolomics, plasma metabolites, biomarkers, prediabetes, glutamine, glycine, aromatic amino acids, amino acids, lipids, fructose, glucose, disease pathophysiology
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acids, Animals, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Insulin Resistance, Biomarkers, Metabolomics, Metabolome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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