Treatment of Oxidative Stress with Exosomes in Myocardial Ischemia
Open accessAbstract
A thrombus in a coronary artery causes ischemia, which eventually leads to myocardial infarction (MI) if not removed. However, removal generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), which causes ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury that damages the tissue and exacerbates the resulting MI. The mechanism of I/R injury is currently extensively understood. However, supplementation of exogenous antioxidants is ineffective against oxidative stress (OS). Enhancing the ability of endogenous antioxidants may be a more effective way to treat OS, and exosomes may play a role as targeted carriers. Exosomes are nanosized vesicles wrapped in biofilms which contain various complex RNAs and proteins. They are important intermediate carriers of intercellular communication and material exchange. In recent years, diagnosis and treatment with exosomes in cardiovascular diseases have gained considerable attention. Herein, we review the new findings of exosomes in the regulation of OS in coronary heart disease, discuss the possibility of exosomes as carriers for the targeted regulation of endogenous ROS generation, and compare the advantages of exosome therapy with those of stem-cell therapy. Finally, we explore several miRNAs found in exosomes against OS.
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Exosomes loaded with miR-19a, miR-210, and other miRNAs against oxidative stress in coronary heart disease may make them a more effective treatment for oxidative stress than stem cell therapy.
“Liu et al. investigated the role of exosomes loaded with miR-19a, miR-210, and other miRNAs against oxidative stress (OS) in coronary heart disease, and the results suggest that the ability of exosomes to target loading endogenous antioxidants may make them a more effective treatment for OS than stem cell therapy [91].”
From The Therapeutic Potential and Clinical Significance of Exosomes as Carriers of Drug Delivery System (2022) · cites this paper as [91]
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“Preconditioning can lead to the release of hormones or agonists, such as adenosine [167], opioids [168], and bradykinin [169].”
BackgroundSelf-citationExosomes and Cardiac Repair After Myocardial Infarction
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“In addition, exosomes help detect the endogenous processes of myocardial recovery, regeneration, and protection [38].”
BackgroundMSC-Based Product Characterization for Clinical Trials: An FDA Perspective
Mendicino, M., Bailey, A. M., Wonnacott, K., Puri, R. K., & Bauer, S. R. (2014) · Cell stem cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2014.01.013 · Cited by 500 · cited 6× · see citing works
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Defining ROS in Biology and Medicine
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“This mechanism is mainly caused by the following ways: 1) miR-19a downregulates the expression of the target proteins in CM, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), and Bcl-2-like protein 11 (BIM), and activates the Akt and ERK signaling pathways [109]; 2) miR-19a inhibits PTEN in the heart [107,110].”
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“In response to environmental damage and pathological conditions, many cell types release various exosomes of different quality and quantity into the circulation [23,24].”
BackgroundDiagnostic and prognostic impact of six circulating microRNAs in acute coronary syndrome
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“The serum level of miR-133a is significantly increased in patients with acute MI or unstable angina pectoris [131–133] and is closely related to the all-cause mortality rate of patients with acute coronary syndrome [132].”
BackgroundExoCarta as a resource for exosomal research
Simpson, R. J., Kalra, H., & Mathivanan, S. (2012) · Journal of Extracellular Vesicles · doi:10.3402/jev.v1i0.18374 · Cited by 383 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Exosomes contain various molecules, including proteins, lipids, DNA, mRNA, and miRNA, and relevant data can be acquired from the ExoCarta database [99].”
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Exosome Biogenesis, Regulation, and Function in Viral Infection
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Cardiac regeneration strategies: Staying young at heart
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Overexpression of MnSOD Protects Against Myocardial Ischemia/reperfusion Injury in Transgenic Mice
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“In transgenic mice, infarct size was found to be significantly reduced when the antioxidant protein superoxide dismutase (SOD) was overexpressed [41,42].”
BackgroundSwijnenburg, R., Tanaka, M., Vogel, H. S., Baker, J. B., Kofidis, T., Gunawan, F., Lebl, D. R., Caffarelli, A. D., de Bruin, J. L., Fedoseyeva, E. V., et al. (2005) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.104.525824 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
hucMSC Exosome-Derived GPX1 Is Required for the Recovery of Hepatic Oxidant Injury
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“Sci. 2021, 22, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 18 Under pathological conditions, the exosomes released during OS carry antioxidant molecules, such as superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) [62,63], and defense molecules, such as glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) [64], which can be absorbed by neighbori…”
BackgroundMembrane microparticles mediate transfer of P-glycoprotein to drug sensitive cancer cells
Bebawy, M., Combes, V., Lee, E., Jaiswal, R., Gong, J., Bonhoure, A., & Grau, G. E. (2009) · Leukemia · doi:10.1038/leu.2009.76 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Microvesicles and exosomes: new players in metabolic and cardiovascular disease
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Exosomes: Fundamental Biology and Roles in Cardiovascular Physiology
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Induction of Interleukin-6 Synthesis in the Myocardium
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“In ischemic myocardium, especially after reperfusion, numerous ROS are produced [39,40].”
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“According to some studies, the Framingham risk score used to predict CVD risk correlates with circulating exosomes [34,35].”
ResultActivity-associated miRNA are packaged in Map1b-enriched exosomes released from depolarized neurons
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“The proportion of miRNA in exosomes is higher than that in their parent cells [100], and miRNA can be transferred between cells through exosomes [22,36].”
BackgroundRoles of exosomes in cardioprotection
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Differentiation and long-term survival of C2C12 myoblast grafts in heart.
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“[146] proved that skeletal muscle myoblasts can be stably transplanted into CMs, demonstrating long-term survival, proliferation, and differentiation.”
BackgroundExtracellular Vesicles in Cardiovascular Disease
Jansen, F., Nickenig, G., & Werner, N. (2017) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.117.310752 · Cited by 279 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Moreover, circulating exosomes are considered as new biomarkers of disease performance and progression [57,62,63].”
BackgroundGiricz, Z., Varga, Z. V., Baranyai, T., Sipos, P., Pálóczi, K., Kittel, Á., Buzás, E. I., & Ferdinándy, P. (2014) · Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.01.004 · Cited by 273 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Interestingly, exosomes produced during myocardial ischemia can mediate the preventive and therapeutic effects of cell transplantation [159].”
BackgroundTherapeutic role of miR-19a/19b in cardiac regeneration and protection from myocardial infarction
Gao, F., Kataoka, M., Liu, N., Liang, T., Huang, Z., Gu, F., Ding, J., Liu, J., Zhang, F., Ma, Q., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-09530-1 · Cited by 270 · cited 2× · see citing works
“This mechanism is mainly caused by the following ways: 1) miR-19a downregulates the expression of the target proteins in CM, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), and Bcl-2-like protein 11 (BIM), and activates the Akt and ERK signaling pathways [109]; 2) miR-19a inhibits PTEN in the heart [107,110].”
BackgroundMSC secretes at least 3 EV types each with a unique permutation of membrane lipid, protein and RNA
Lai, R. C., Tan, S. S., Yeo, R. W. Y., Choo, A. B. H., Reiner, A. T., Su, Y. P., Shen, Y., Fu, Z., Lezhava, A., Sze, S. K., et al. (2016) · Journal of Extracellular Vesicles · doi:10.3402/jev.v5.29828 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Overexpression of human copper,zinc-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) prevents postischemic injury
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“In transgenic mice, infarct size was found to be significantly reduced when the antioxidant protein superoxide dismutase (SOD) was overexpressed [41,42].”
BackgroundMicrovesicles and exosomes for intracardiac communication
Sluijter, J. P. G., Verhage, V., Deddens, J. C., van den Akker, F., & Doevendans, P. A. (2014) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvu022 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Confounding factors in vesicle uptake studies using fluorescent lipophilic membrane dyes
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A circular transcript of ncx1 gene mediates ischemic myocardial injury by targeting miR-133a-3p
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“This mechanism is mainly caused by the following ways: 1) miR-19a downregulates the expression of the target proteins in CM, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), and Bcl-2-like protein 11 (BIM), and activates the Akt and ERK signaling pathways [109]; 2) miR-19a inhibits PTEN in the heart [107,110].”
BackgroundAmabile, N., Cheng, S. C., Renard, J. M., Larson, M. G., Ghorbani, A., McCabe, E. L., Griffin, G. K., Guérin, C. L., Ho, J. E., Shaw, S. Y., et al. (2014) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehu153 · Cited by 231 · cited 1× · see citing works
“According to some studies, the Framingham risk score used to predict CVD risk correlates with circulating exosomes [34,35].”
ResultKukielka, G. L., Hawkins, H. K., Michael, L., Manning, A., Youker, K. A., Lane, C. L., Entman, M. L., Smith, C. W., & Anderson, D. C. (1993) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci116729 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
RNAi delivery by exosome-mimetic nanovesicles – Implications for targeting c-Myc in cancer
Lunavat, T. R., Jang, S. C., Nilsson, L. M., Park, H. T., Repiská, G., Lässer, C., Nilsson, J. A., Gho, Y. S., & Lötvall, J. O. (2016) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.06.024 · Cited by 225 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Nonetheless, the appearance of artificial nanovesicles (exosomemimetic nanovesicles) [91,98] may be helpful in solving this issue.”
BackgroundSex Differences in In-Hospital Management and Outcomes of Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome
Hao, Y., Liu, J., Liu, J., Yang, N., Smith, S. C., Huo, Y., Fonarow, G. C., Ge, J., Taubert, K. A., Morgan, L., et al. (2019) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.118.037655 · Cited by 221 · cited 1× · see citing works
“CHD could cause a huge economic burden to regional or national medical systems [1,2].”
BackgroundStem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes Demonstrate Arrhythmic Potential
Zhang, Y. M., Hartzell, C., Narlow, M., & Dudley, S. C. (2002) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000027585.05868.67 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Cross Talk of Combined Gene and Cell Therapy in Ischemic Heart Disease
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“When the ISCU gene is inhibited, the mitochondrial metabolism decreases [125].”
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“Exosomes do have a protective effect on the cardiovascular system [26,160], which was first reported more than 10 years ago [161].”
BackgroundExosomes of human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells stimulate angiogenesis
Komaki, M., Numata, Y., Morioka, C., Honda, I., Tooi, M., Yokoyama, N., Ayame, H., Iwasaki, K., Taki, A., Oshima, N., et al. (2017) · Stem Cell Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13287-017-0660-9 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
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Role of miR-1 and miR-133a in myocardial ischemic postconditioning
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“, enhancing drug delivery to selected tissues by applying a magnetic field gradient) was also proposed decades ago [92,93].”
BackgroundExosomes and the Emerging Field of Exosome-Based Gene Therapy
O’Loughlin, A. J., Woffindale, C., & Wood, M. J. A. (2012) · Current Gene Therapy · doi:10.2174/156652312802083594 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
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Prospects for exosomes in immunotherapy of cancer
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Exosomal transfer of miR-30a between cardiomyocytes regulates autophagy after hypoxia
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“Moreover, cardiomyocytes (CMs) secrete miR-30a–rich exosomes after hypoxia stimulation [67].”
BackgroundResidual matrix from different separation techniques impacts exosome biological activity
Paolini, L., Zendrini, A., Noto, G. D., Busatto, S., Lottini, E., Radeghieri, A., Dossi, A., Caneschi, A., Ricotta, D., & Bergese, P. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep23550 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
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“In MI rat models, miR-133 overexpression improved cardiac function through left ventricular ejection fraction and fractional shortening [32].”
MethodFunctional transfer of microRNA by exosomes
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“The selective packaging of miRNAs in exosomes and their functional transfer through specific signaling molecules are also important for disease treatment [36,37].”
BackgroundSaeed‐Zidane, M., der Linden, L. V., Salilew‐Wondim, D., Held-Hoelker, E., Neuhoff, C., Tholen, E., Hoelker, M., Schellander, K., & Tesfaye, D. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187569 · Cited by 170 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Therefore, exosomes can potentially transfer defense molecules from one cell to another [65].”
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“The exosomes from ADSCs also increase IL-6 expression and phosphorylate STAT3, which in turn activates the classical signaling pathway and accelerates recovery from injury and angiogenesis after I/R [166].”
BackgroundDelta opioid receptor stimulation mimics ischemic preconditioning in human heart muscle
Bell, S. P., Sack, M. N., Patel, A. P., Opie, L. H., & Yellon, D. M. (2000) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(00)01011-1 · Cited by 155 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Preconditioning can lead to the release of hormones or agonists, such as adenosine [167], opioids [168], and bradykinin [169].”
BackgroundArstall, M. A., Yang, J., Stafford, I., Betts, W. H., & Horowitz, J. D. (1995) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.92.10.2855 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Stem cells: Insights into the secretome
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“More direct evidence suggested that adult stem cells repair heart tissue by releasing paracrine and autocrine factors [162].”
BackgroundLalu, M. M., Mazzarello, S., Zlepnig, J., Dong, Y., Montroy, J. R., McIntyre, L., Devereaux, P. J., Stewart, D. J., Mazer, C. D., Barron, C. C., et al. (2018) · Stem Cells Translational Medicine · doi:10.1002/sctm.18-0120 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
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Exosome in Cardiovascular Diseases: A Complex World Full of Hope
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miR-133a Enhances the Protective Capacity of Cardiac Progenitors Cells after Myocardial Infarction
Izarra, A., Moscoso, I., Levent, E., Cañón, S., Cerrada, I., Díez‐Juan, A., Blanca, V., Nuñez-Gil, I. J., Valiente, Í., Ruiz‐Saurí, A., et al. (2014) · Stem Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.10.010 · Cited by 141 · cited 1× · see citing works
“At the same time, miR-133a can improve the anti-OS and survival ability of MSCs by downregulating caspase-9 and Apaf-1 expression [142].”
BackgroundRocco, G. D., Baldari, S., & Toietta, G. (2016) · Stem Cells International · doi:10.1155/2016/5029619 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
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Circulating blood cells and extracellular vesicles in acute cardioprotection
Davidson, S. M., Andreadou, I., Barile, L., Birnbaum, Y., Cabrera-Fuentes, H. A., Cohen, M. V., Downey, J. M., Girão, H., Pagliaro, P., Penna, C. R. R., et al. (2018) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvy314 · Cited by 140 · cited 1× · see citing works
“provided an overview of exosomes, which mediate the transmission of the cardioprotective signal of remote ischemic preconditioning (RIC) and play a role in reducing OS-mediated damage [172].”
BackgroundKrieg, T., Qin, Q., McIntosh, E., Cohen, M. V., & Downey, J. M. (2002) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00474.2002 · Cited by 132 · cited 1× · see citing works
“These factors activate related signaling pathways through binding to G protein-coupled receptors, thereby activating PI3K, producing phosphoinositol, and ultimately activating downstream protein kinase B (Akt, also known as PKB or Rac) [170,171].”
BackgroundPersistent induction of HIF‐1α and ‐2α in cardiomyocytes and stromal cells of ischemic myocardium
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“It was also reported that the treatment with exosomes helped to restore depleted energy and redox rate potential in mouse health within 30min after I/R, which was proven by the presence of increased levels of ATP and NADH levels with a decrease in oxidative stress (164).”
BackgroundStem Cell Therapy against Ischemic Heart Disease
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“Notwithstanding such an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms of IR injury, prior treatment attempts (e.g., supplementation of exogenous antioxidants) were found to be ineffective [75].”
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“On the other hand, there is a functional correlation between antioxidants and free radical generation, where antioxidants play an important role in effectively removing ROS from cells by antioxidant enzymes removing free radicals (Liu et al., 2021).”
BackgroundActin dynamics in protein homeostasis
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“However, when it comes to clinical translation, MSC-derived conditioned medium is still facing the problem of unstable quality, which originates from the heterogenous nature of MSCs and is largely influenced by different cultural conditions [18,19].”
BackgroundiPSC-derived exosomes promote angiogenesis in naturally aged mice
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“Cells in a hypoxic environment, like the ischemic myocardium, will overproduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that create conditions of oxidative stress when not neutralized by antioxidants [41].”
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“As stated previously, exosomes have been suggested as novel vehicles for intercellular communication in the cardiovascular system (71).”
BackgroundLi, H., Gu, J., Sun, X., Zuo, Q., Li, B., & Gu, X. Q. (2022) · Stem Cell Reviews and Reports · doi:10.1007/s12015-022-10432-x · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Repair of damaged tissues by Exo can avoid problems such as low survival rate, immune rejection and tumorigenesis in cell therapy [66].”
BackgroundSGLT2 Inhibitors in Aging-Related Cardiovascular Disease: A Review of Potential Mechanisms
Zhang, Y., He, Y., Liu, S., Deng, L., Zuo, Y., Huang, K., Liao, B., Li, G., & Feng, J. (2023) · American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40256-023-00602-8 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“…stress has been implicated in the etiopathogenesis of age-related cardiovascular disease [29–31], including conditions such as atherosclerosis [32], Fig. myocardial infarction [33], ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) [34], and heart failure [35], by regulating apoptosis, hypertrophy, and fibrosis.”
BackgroundExosomes: bridge metabolic regulation in cardiac repair
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“Speci fi c miRNAs, such as miR-21,miR-100,miR-29a,andmiR-210 82 – 85 ,prominentlyreduceROSand stabilizelocalhomeostasis.”
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Research progress of exosomes from different sources in myocardial ischemia
Yan, H., Ding, H., Xie, R., Liu, Z., Yang, X., Xie, L., Liu, C., Liu, X., Chen, L.-Y., & Huang, X. (2024) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2024.1436764 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Pan, Y. Z., Meng, L., Yoshida, K., Qiu, L., Ito, T., Yonezawa, R., Yoshitake, K., Saito, S., Bailey‐Kobayashi, N., Yoshida, T., et al. (2025) · Journal of Extracellular Biology · doi:10.1002/jex2.70038 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Moreover, environmental factors such as hypoxia (Kumar and Deep 2020), inflammation (Chan et al. 2019), and oxidative stress (Liu et al. 2021) can also impact exosome release.”
The Promise of Exosomes in Cardiac Repair: When ‘Best Things Come in Small Packages’
Yazbeck, A., Wehbe, Z., Menassa, Y., Abdelhamid, A., Eid, A. A., Sahebkar, A., & Eid, A. H. (2025) · Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1111/jcmm.70918 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Liu, X., Wang, X., & Liu, F. (2026) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2026.05.291 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Zhang, L., Xie, F., Zhang, F., & Lu, B. (2024) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000037994 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“[67] These findings demonstrate the therapeutic potential of exosomes in attenuating oxidative stress-induced cardiac damage, highlighting their importance in cardiac repair and the treat-ment of heart diseases.”
BackgroundGlobal Research Trends on Exosome in Cardiovascular Diseases: A Bibliometric-Based Visual Analysis
Gu, Y., Feng, J., Shi, J., Xiao, G., Zhang, W., Shao, S.-J., Liu, B., & Guo, H. (2024) · Vascular Health and Risk Management · doi:10.2147/vhrm.s473520 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Carbohydrate-derived nano-antioxidant for attenuating myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury
Fu, W., Deng, C., Wang, Z., He, M., Bai, Y., Xu, J., Li, S., Jin, Q., Zhang, L., Xie, M., et al. (2025) · Colloids and Surfaces B Biointerfaces · doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2025.114832 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Progress on application of exosomes on cardiovascular disease: A ten-year retrospective analysis
Tang, Z., Feng, S., & Xiao, Z. (2025) · Current Problems in Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2025.103211 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Shizukuda, Y., & Rosing, D. R. (2023) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s11010-023-04726-y · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…vesicles wrapped in biofilms which contain various complex RNAs and proteins) and/or micro-RNAs to deliver anti-oxidant factors to tissues [56, 57] and combination approaches of utilizing multiple anti-oxidants targeting multiple pharmacological interventional sites to suppress…”
Exosomes Regulate ROS in Cancer Stem Cells
Sella, R. N. (2022) · Handbook of Oxidative Stress in Cancer: Therapeutic Aspects · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-1247-3_114-1
Exosomes Regulate ROS in Cancer Stem Cells
Sella, R. N. (2022) · Handbook of Oxidative Stress in Cancer: Therapeutic Aspects · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-5422-0_114
Duan, Y., & Xiao, D. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-6171339/v1
Li, J., Li, X., Chen, Y., Fang, L., Li, Q., Wu, H., Liu, Y., Qi, X., & Wei, L. (2025) · Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fjc.0000000000001765
Self-citationGuo, Z., Zhang, Y., Xu, W., Zhang, X., & Jiang, J. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20356576
Xu, D.-S., He, J.-X., Yan, J.-H., Lin, S.-M., Fan, Z., Mo, W.-J., Meng-Qi, L. I. A. O., Xie, Y., Li, Y. C., & Zhou, H. (2026) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2026.108362
- Authors
- Liu, Y., Wang, M., Liang, Y., Wang, C., Naruse, K., & Takahashi, K.
- Affiliations
- Okayama University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Takahashi, Ken
- Venue
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-02-09
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1729
- ISSN
- 1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7915208
- OpenAlex
- W3126184451
- Cited by
- 42
- References
- 217
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8
- FWCI
- 0.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Okayama University Scientific Achievement Repository (Okayama University) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (20H04518)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Extracellular vesicles in disease
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Cardiac Ischemia and Reperfusion
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Genetics › Mesenchymal stem cell research
- Keywords
- exosomes, oxidative stress, myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction, ischemia-reperfusion injury, reactive oxygen species, endogenous antioxidants, exosome therapy, microRNA, stem cell therapy, coronary artery disease, intercellular communication
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Clinical Trials as Topic, Coronary Disease, Disease Models, Animal, Drug Carriers, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Myocardial Reperfusion Injury, Treatment Outcome, Reactive Oxygen Species, Oxidative Stress, MicroRNAs, Exosomes
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