CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 39Memory Processes and InfluencesMemory and Neural MechanismsPosttraumatic Stress Disorder Research

Forgetting Unwanted Memories: Active Forgetting and Implications for the Development of Psychological Disorders

Open access
Costanzi, Marco, Cianfanelli, Beatrice, Santirocchi, Alessandro, Lasaponara, Stefano, Spataro, Pietro, Rossi-Arnaud, Clelia, Cestari, Vincenzo·2021·Journal of Personalized Medicine
DOI 10.3390/jpm11040241PMC PMC8066077
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Intrusive memories are a common feature of many psychopathologies, and suppression-induced forgetting of unwanted memories appears as a critical ability to preserve mental health. In recent years, biological and cognitive studies converged in revealing that forgetting is due to active processes. Recent neurobiological studies provide evidence on the active role of main neurotransmitter systems in forgetting, suggesting that the brain actively works to suppress retrieval of unwanted memories. On the cognitive side, there is evidence that voluntary and involuntary processes (here termed “intentional” and “incidental” forgetting, respectively) contribute to active forgetting. In intentional forgetting, an inhibitory control mechanism suppresses awareness of unwanted memories at encoding or retrieval. In incidental forgetting, retrieval practice of some memories involuntarily suppresses the retrieval of other related memories. In this review we describe recent findings on deficits in active forgetting observed in psychopathologies, like post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, schizophrenia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Moreover, we report studies in which the role of neurotransmitter systems, known to be involved in the pathogenesis of mental disorders, has been investigated in active forgetting paradigms. The possibility that biological and cognitive mechanisms of active forgetting could be considered as hallmarks of the early onset of psychopathologies is also discussed.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/jpm11040241

Cites

30 of 30 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • In addition to passive forgetting, humans can achieve active regulation of the memory system through a mechanism that suppresses redundant information to facilitate the storage and retrieval of key memory, termed active forgetting.

    “some studies [99, 100, 101, 102] suggested that in addition to passive forgetting, humans can also achieve active regulation of the memory system through a mechanism that suppresses redundant information to facilitate the storage and retrieval of key memory. This type of forgetting mechanism is termed 'active forgetting'.”

    From Human-inspired Perspectives: A Survey on AI Long-term Memory (2024) · cites this paper as [101]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 233

  1. [1]Brewin C.R. Gregory J.D. Lipton M. Burgess N. Intrusive images in psychological disorders: Characteristics, neural mechanisms, and treatment implications Psychol. Rev. 2010 117 210 232 10.1037/a0018113 20063969 PMC2834572 · DOI · Paper page
  2. [4]Hirsch C.R. Holmes E.A. Mental imagery in anxiety disorders Psychiatry 2007 6 161 165 10.1016/j.mppsy.2007.01.005 · DOI
  3. [5]Speckens A.E.M. Ehlers A. Hackmann A. Ruths F.A. Clark D.M. Intrusive memories and rumination in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder: A phenomenological comparison Memory 2007 15 249 257 10.1080/09658210701256449 17454662 · DOI
  4. [6]Visser R.M. Why Do Certain Moments Haunt Us? Conceptualizing Intrusive Memories as Conditioned Responses Biol. Psychiatry Cogn. Neurosci. Neuroimaging 2020 5 375 376 10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.02.007 32273091 · DOI
  5. [7]Berntsen D. Involuntary Autobiographical Memories Cambridge University Press (CUP) Cambridge, UK 2009
  6. [8]Mace C. Mindfulness in psychotherapy: An introduction Adv. Psychiatr. Treat. 2007 13 147 154 10.1192/apt.bp.106.002923 · DOI
  7. [9]Hu X. Bergström Z.M. Gagnepain P. Anderson M.C. Suppressing Unwanted Memories Reduces Their Unintended Influences Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 2017 26 197 206 10.1177/0963721417689881 28458471 PMC5390940 · DOI
  8. [10]Gagnepain P. Hulbert J. Anderson M.C. Parallel Regulation of Memory and Emotion Supports the Suppression of Intrusive Memories J. Neurosci. 2017 37 6423 6441 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2732-16.2017 28559378 PMC5511877 · DOI
  9. [11]Streb M. Mecklinger A. Anderson M.C. Lass-Hennemann J. Michael T. Memory control ability modulates intrusive memories after analogue trauma J. Affect. Disord. 2016 192 134 142 10.1016/j.jad.2015.12.032 26724692 · DOI · Paper page
  10. [12]Catarino A. Küpper C.S. Werner-Seidler A. Dalgleish T. Anderson M.C. Failing to Forget Psychol. Sci. 2015 26 604 616 10.1177/0956797615569889 25847536 PMC4426138 · DOI
  11. [13]Fawcett J.M. Benoit R.G. Gagnepain P. Salman A. Bartholdy S. Bradley C. Chan D.K.-Y. Roche A. Brewin C.R. Anderson M.C. The origins of repetitive thought in rumination: Separating cognitive style from deficits in inhibitory control over memory J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry 2015 47 1 8 10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.10.009 25462596 PMC4324850 · DOI
  12. [14]Hertel P.T. Maydon A. Ogilvie A. Mor N. Ruminators (Unlike Others) Fail to Show Suppression-Induced Forgetting on Indirect Measures of Memory Clin. Psychol. Sci. 2018 6 872 881 10.1177/2167702618785339 · DOI
  13. [15]Marzi T. Regina A. Righi S. Emotions shape memory suppression in trait anxiety Front. Psychol. 2014 4 1001 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.01001 24427152 PMC3879479 · DOI
  14. [16]Benoit R.G. Davies D.J. Anderson M.C. Reducing future fears by suppressing the brain mechanisms underlying episodic simulation Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2016 113 E8492 E8501 10.1073/pnas.1606604114 27965391 PMC5206570 · DOI · Paper page
  15. [17]Hertel P.T. Gerstle M. Depressive Deficits in Forgetting Psychol. Sci. 2003 14 573 578 10.1046/j.0956-7976.2003.psci_1467.x 14629688 · DOI
  16. [18]Noreen S. Ridout N. Examining the impact of thought substitution on intentional forgetting in induced and naturally occurring dysphoria Psychiatry Res. 2016 241 280 288 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.086 27209358 · DOI
  17. [19]Noreen S. Ridout N. Intentional forgetting in dysphoria: Investigating the inhibitory effects of thought substitution using independent cues J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry 2016 52 110 118 10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.04.002 27100702 · DOI
  18. [20]Zhang D. Xie H. Liu Y. Luo Y. Neural correlates underlying impaired memory facilitation and suppression of negative material in depression Sci. Rep. 2016 6 37556 10.1038/srep37556 27857199 PMC5114610 · DOI
  19. [21]Anderson M.C. Green C. Suppressing unwanted memories by executive control Nat. Cell Biol. 2001 410 366 369 10.1038/35066572 11268212 · DOI
  20. [22]Davis R.L. Zhong Y. The Biology of Forgetting—A Perspective Neuron 2017 95 490 503 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.05.039 28772119 PMC5657245 · DOI
  21. [23]Medina J.H. Neural, Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Active Forgetting Front. Syst. Neurosci. 2018 12 3 10.3389/fnsys.2018.00003 29467630 PMC5808127 · DOI
  22. [24]Hulbert J.C. Anderson M.C. Does retrieving a memory insulate it against memory inhibition? A retroactive interference study Memory 2020 28 293 308 10.1080/09658211.2019.1710216 31957596 PMC7114917 · DOI
  23. [25]Erdelyi M.H. The unified theory of repression Behav. Brain Sci. 2006 29 499 511 10.1017/S0140525X06009113 17156548 · DOI
  24. [26]Nørby S. Forgetting and emotion regulation in mental health, anxiety and depression Memory 2018 26 342 363 10.1080/09658211.2017.1346130 28697639 · DOI
  25. [28]Otgaar H. Howe M.L. Patihis L. Merckelbach H. Lynn S.J. Lilienfeld S.O. Loftus E.F. The Return of the Repressed: The Persistent and Problematic Claims of Long-Forgotten Trauma Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 2019 14 1072 1095 10.1177/1745691619862306 31584864 PMC6826861 · DOI
  26. [29]Davis P.J. Schwartz G.E. Repression and the inaccessibility of affective memories J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1987 52 155 162 10.1037/0022-3514.52.1.155 3820068 · DOI · Paper page
  27. [32]Raaijmakers J.G.W. Inhibition in Memory Stevens’ Handbook of Experimental Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience Wiley Hoboken, NJ, USA 2018 1 34
  28. [33]Raaijmakers J.G.W. Inhibition in memory Stevens’ Handbook of Experimental Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Language and Memory 4th ed. Phelps E.A. Davachi L. Wixted J.T. Wiley Hoboken, NJ, USA 2018 Volume 1 251 284 10.1002/9781119170174.epcn108 · DOI
  29. [34]Murayama K. Miyatsu T. Buchli D. Storm B.C. Forgetting as a consequence of retrieval: A meta-analytic review of retrieval-induced forgetting Psychol. Bull. 2014 140 1383 1409 10.1037/a0037505 25180807 · DOI
  30. [35]Anderson M.C. Hanslmayr S. Neural mechanisms of motivated forgetting Trends Cogn. Sci. 2014 18 279 292 10.1016/j.tics.2014.03.002 24747000 PMC4045208 · DOI · Paper page
  31. [36]Geraerts E. McNally J.R. Forgetting unwanted memories: Directed forgetting and thought suppression methods Acta Psychol. 2008 127 614 622 10.1016/j.actpsy.2007.11.003 18164273 · DOI
  32. [37]Sahakyan L. Delaney P.F. Nathaniel L. Abushanab B. List-Method Directed Forgetting in Cognitive and Clinical Research: A Theoretical and Methodological Review Psychol. Learn. Motiv. 2013 59 131 189
  33. [39]Sahakyan L. Delaney P.F. Can encoding differences explain the benefits of directed forgetting in the list method paradigm? J. Mem. Lang. 2003 48 195 206 10.1016/S0749-596X(02)00524-7 · DOI
  34. [41]Rizio A.A. Dennis N.A. The Neural Correlates of Cognitive Control: Successful Remembering and Intentional Forgetting J. Cogn. Neurosci. 2013 25 297 312 10.1162/jocn_a_00310 23066730 · DOI
  35. [42]Hanslmayr S. Volberg G. Wimber M. Oehler N. Staudigl T. Hartmann T. Raabe M. Greenlee M.W. Bäuml K.-H.T. Prefrontally Driven Downregulation of Neural Synchrony Mediates Goal-Directed Forgetting J. Neurosci. 2012 32 14742 14751 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1777-12.2012 23077059 PMC6621432 · DOI
  36. [43]Murray B.D. Muscatell K.A. Kensinger E.A. Effects of emotion and age on performance during a think/no-think memory task Psychol. Aging 2011 26 940 955 10.1037/a0023214 21517183 PMC3192292 · DOI
  37. [44]Kim K. Yi D.-J. Out of Mind, Out of Sight Psychol. Sci. 2013 24 569 574 10.1177/0956797612457577 23459870 · DOI
  38. [45]Spataro P. Saraulli D. Cestari V. Costanzi M. Sciarretta A. Rossi-Arnaud C. Implicit memory in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis Compr. Psychiatry 2016 69 136 144 10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.05.013 27423354 · DOI
  39. [46]Kang E. Wen Z. Song H. Christian K.M. Ming G.-L. Adult Neurogenesis and Psychiatric Disorders Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 2016 8 a019026 10.1101/cshperspect.a019026 26801682 PMC5008067 · DOI
  40. [47]Richards B.A. Frankland P.W. The Persistence and Transience of Memory Neuron 2017 94 1071 1084 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.04.037 28641107 · DOI
  41. [48]Liu Y. Lin W. Liu C. Luo Y. Wu J. Bayley P.J. Qin S. Memory consolidation reconfigures neural pathways involved in the suppression of emotional memories Nat. Commun. 2016 7 13375 10.1038/ncomms13375 27898050 PMC5141344 · DOI
  42. [49]Nader K. Hardt O. Lanius R. Memory as a new therapeutic target Dialog Clin. Neurosci. 2013 15 475 486 PMC3898685 24459414
  43. [50]Choudhury A. Sahu T. Ramanujam P.L. Banerjee A.K. Chakraborty I. Kumar A. Arora N. Neurochemicals, Behaviours and Psychiatric Perspectives of Neurological Diseases Neuropsychiatry 2018 8 395 424 10.4172/Neuropsychiatry.1000361 · DOI
  44. [51]Kalueff A.V. Nutt D.J. Role of GABA in anxiety and depression Depress. Anxiety 2006 24 495 517 10.1002/da.20262 17117412 · DOI
  45. [52]Kaouane N. Porte Y. Vallée M. Brayda-Bruno L. Mons N. Calandreau L. Marighetto A. Piazza P.V. Desmedt A. Glucocorticoids Can Induce PTSD-Like Memory Impairments in Mice Science 2012 335 1510 1513 10.1126/science.1207615 22362879 · DOI
  46. [53]Gauthier I. Nuss P. Anxiety disorders and GABA neurotransmission: A disturbance of modulation Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat. 2015 11 165 175 10.2147/NDT.S58841 25653526 PMC4303399 · DOI
  47. [54]Poels E.M. Kegeles L.S. Kantrowitz J.T. Javitt D.C. Lieberman J.A. Abi-Dargham A. Girgis R.R. Glutamatergic abnormalities in schizophrenia: A review of proton MRS findings Schizophr. Res. 2014 152 325 332 10.1016/j.schres.2013.12.013 24418122 PMC3951718 · DOI
  48. [56]Castellano C. Cabib S. Zocchi A. Puglisi-Allegra S. Strain-dependent effects of cocaine on memory storage improvement induced by post-training physostigmine Psychopharmacology 1996 123 340 345 10.1007/BF02246644 8867873 · DOI
  49. [57]Furini C.R. Myskiw J.C. Benetti F. Izquierdo I. New frontiers in the study of memory mechanisms Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr. 2013 35 173 177 10.1590/1516-4446-2012-1046 23904024 · DOI
  50. [58]Gold J.J. Squire L.R. Quantifying medial temporal lobe damage in memory-impaired patients Hippocampus 2004 15 79 85 10.1002/hipo.20032 PMC2754383 15390163 · DOI
  51. [59]Meneses A. Frameworking memory and serotonergic markers Rev. Neurosci. 2017 28 455 497 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0079 28343185 · DOI
  52. [60]Ridley R. Baker H. Harder J. Pearson C. Effects of lesions of different parts of the septo-hippocampal system in primates on learning and retention of information acquired before or after surgery Brain Res. Bull. 1996 40 21 32 10.1016/0361-9230(96)00028-7 8722749 · DOI
  53. [61]Tellez R. Gomez-Viquez L. Meneses A. GABA, glutamate, dopamine and serotonin transporters expression on memory formation and amnesia Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 2012 97 189 201 10.1016/j.nlm.2011.12.002 22183017 · DOI
  54. [63]Ehlers A. Understanding and Treating Unwanted Trauma Memories in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Z. Psychol. J. Psychol. 2010 218 141 145 10.1027/0044-3409/a000021 22095462 PMC3072671 · DOI
  55. [64]Millon E.M. Chang H.Y.M. Shors T.J. Stressful Life Memories Relate to Ruminative Thoughts in Women with Sexual Violence History, Irrespective of PTSD Front. Psychiatry 2018 9 311 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00311 30233419 PMC6134204 · DOI
  56. [67]McNally R.J. Experimental approaches to cognitive abnormality in posttraumatic stress disorder Clin. Psychol. Rev. 1998 18 971 982 10.1016/S0272-7358(98)00036-1 9885770 · DOI
  57. [68]Levy B.J. Anderson M.C. Individual differences in the suppression of unwanted memories: The executive deficit hypothesis Acta Psychol. 2008 127 623 635 10.1016/j.actpsy.2007.12.004 18242571 · DOI
  58. [69]El Khoury-Malhame M. Lanteaume L. Beetz E.M. Roques J. Reynaud E. Samuelian J.-C. Blin O. Garcia R. Khalfa S. Attentional bias in post-traumatic stress disorder diminishes after symptom amelioration Behav. Res. Ther. 2011 49 796 801 10.1016/j.brat.2011.08.006 21924404 · DOI
  59. [70]Fleurkens P. Rinck M. Van Minnen A. Specificity and generalization of attentional bias in sexual trauma victims suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder J. Anxiety Disord. 2011 25 783 787 10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.03.014 21531116 · DOI
  60. [71]Paunovic N. Lundh L.-G. Öst L.-G. Attentional and memory bias for emotional information in crime victims with acute posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) J. Anxiety Disord. 2002 16 675 692 10.1016/S0887-6185(02)00136-6 12405525 · DOI
  61. [72]Küpper C.S. Benoit R.G. Dalgleish T. Anderson M.C. Direct suppression as a mechanism for controlling unpleasant memories in daily life J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 2014 143 1443 1449 10.1037/a0036518 24749897 PMC4113301 · DOI
  62. [73]Baumann M. Zwissler B. Schalinski I. Ruf-Leuschner M. Schauer M. Kissler J.M. Directed Forgetting in Post-Traumatic-Stress-Disorder: A Study of Refugee Immigrants in Germany Front. Behav. Neurosci. 2013 7 94 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00094 23966914 PMC3736047 · DOI
  63. [74]Blix I. Brennen T. Intentional Forgetting of Emotional Words after Trauma: A Study with Victims of Sexual Assault Front. Psychol. 2011 2 235 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00235 21994497 PMC3182753 · DOI
  64. [75]Cottencin O. Vaiva G. Huron C. Devos P. Ducrocq F. Jouvent R. Goudemand M. Thomas P. Directed forgetting in PTSD: A comparative study versus normal controls J. Psychiatr. Res. 2006 40 70 80 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2005.04.001 15907941 · DOI
  65. [76]DePrince A.P. Freyd J.J. Forgetting Trauma Stimuli Psychol. Sci. 2004 15 488 492 10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00706.x 15200634 · DOI · Paper page
  66. [77]Mary A. Dayan J. Leone G. Postel C. Fraisse F. Malle C. Vallée T. Klein-Peschanski C. Viader F. De La Sayette V. Resilience after trauma: The role of memory suppression Science 2020 367 eaay8477 10.1126/science.aay8477 32054733 · DOI
  67. [78]Tudorache A.-C. El-Hage W. Tapia G. Goutaudier N. Kalenzaga S. Bouazzaoui B. Jaafari N. Clarys D. Inhibitory control of threat remembering in PTSD Memory 2019 27 1404 1414 10.1080/09658211.2019.1662053 31488044 · DOI
  68. [79]Waldhauser G.T. Dahl M.J. Ruf-Leuschner M. Müller-Bamouh V. Schauer M. Axmacher N. Elbert T. Hanslmayr S. The neural dynamics of deficient memory control in heavily traumatized refugees Sci. Rep. 2018 8 13132 10.1038/s41598-018-31400-x 30177846 PMC6120867 · DOI
  69. [80]Van Schie K. Anderson M.C. Successfully controlling intrusive memories is harder when control must be sustained Memory 2017 25 1201 1216 10.1080/09658211.2017.1282518 28276978 PMC6614038 · DOI
  70. [81]Zoellner L.A. Sacks M.B. Foa E.B. Directed forgetting following mood induction in chronic posttraumatic stress disorder patients J. Abnorm. Psychol. 2003 112 508 514 10.1037/0021-843X.112.3.508 12943029 · DOI
  71. [82]Sauseng P. Klimesch W. Doppelmayr M. Pecherstorfer T. Freunberger R. Hanslmayr S. EEG alpha synchronization and functional coupling during top-down processing in a working memory task Hum. Brain Mapp. 2005 26 148 155 10.1002/hbm.20150 15929084 PMC6871735 · DOI
  72. [83]Cook F. Ciorciari J. Varker T. Devilly G.J. Changes in long term neural connectivity following psychological trauma Clin. Neurophysiol. 2009 120 309 314 10.1016/j.clinph.2008.11.021 19135411 · DOI
  73. [84]Amir N. Taylor C.T. Bomyea J.A. Badour C.L. Temporal allocation of attention toward threat in individuals with posttraumatic stress symptoms J. Anxiety Disord. 2009 23 1080 1085 10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.07.010 19682854 PMC2763372 · DOI
  74. [85]Payne A. Kralj A. Young J. Meiser-Stedman R. The prevalence of intrusive memories in adult depres- sion: A meta-analysis J. Affect Diosord. 2019 53 193 202 10.1016/j.jad.2019.04.055 31054444 · DOI
  75. [86]Power M. Dalgleish T. Claudio V. Tata P. Kentish J. The directed forgetting task: Application to emotionally valent material J. Affect. Disord. 2000 57 147 157 10.1016/S0165-0327(99)00084-1 10708826 · DOI
  76. [87]Wingenfeld K. Terfehr K. Meyer B. Löwe B. Spitzer C. Memory Bias for Emotional and Illness-Related Words in Patients with Depression, Anxiety and Somatization Disorders: An Investigation with the Directed Forgetting Task Psychopathology 2013 46 22 27 10.1159/000338609 22869355 · DOI
  77. [89]Xie H. Jiang D. Zhang D. Individuals with depressive tendencies experience difficulty in forgetting negative material: Two mechanisms revealed by ERP data in the directed forgetting paradigm Sci. Rep. 2018 8 1 14 10.1038/s41598-018-19570-0 29348422 PMC5773552 · DOI
  78. [90]Kuehl L.K. Wolf O.T. Driessen M. Schlosser N. Fernando S.C. Wingenfeld K. Effects of cortisol on the memory bias for emotional words? A study in patients with depression and healthy participants using the Directed Forgetting task J. Psychiatr. Res. 2017 92 191 198 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.04.012 28499272 · DOI
  79. [91]Groome D. Sterkaj F. Retrieval-induced forgetting and clinical depression Cogn. Emot. 2010 24 63 70 10.1080/02699930802536219 · DOI
  80. [92]Sacchet M.D. Levy B.J. Hamilton J.P. Maksimovskiy A. Hertel P.T. Joormann J. Anderson M.C. Wagner A.D. Gotlib I.H. Cognitive and neural consequences of memory suppression in major depressive disorder Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 2017 17 77 93 10.3758/s13415-016-0464-x 27649971 PMC5272890 · DOI
  81. [93]Noreen S. Cooke R. Ridout N. Investigating the mediating effect of working memory on intentional forgetting in dysphoria Psychol. Res. 2020 84 2273 2286 10.1007/s00426-019-01225-y 31324973 PMC7515956 · DOI
  82. [94]Anticevic A. Repovs G. Corlett P.R. Barch D.M. Negative and Nonemotional Interference with Visual Working Memory in Schizophrenia Biol. Psychiatry 2011 70 1159 1168 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.07.010 21861986 · DOI · Paper page
  83. [95]Diaz M.T. He G. Gadde S. Bellion C. Belger A. Voyvodic J.T. McCarthy G. The influence of emotional distraction on verbal working memory: An fMRI investigation comparing individuals with schizophrenia and healthy adults J. Psychiatr. Res. 2011 45 1184 1193 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.02.008 21411108 PMC3131474 · DOI
  84. [96]Horan W.P. Hajcak G. Wynn J.K. Green M.F. Impaired emotion regulation in schizophrenia: Evidence from event-related potentials Psychol. Med. 2013 43 2377 2391 10.1017/S0033291713000019 23360592 PMC3963439 · DOI
  85. [97]Strauss G.P. Kappenman E.S. Culbreth A.J. Catalano L.T. Ossenfort K.L. Lee B.G. Gold J.M. Emotion regulation abnormalities in schizophrenia: Directed attention strategies fail to decrease the neurophysiological response to unpleasant stimuli J. Abnorm. Psychol. 2015 124 288 301 10.1037/abn0000017 25486078 PMC4428923 · DOI
  86. [98]Brébion G. Gorman J.M. Malaspina D. Amador X. A model of verbal memory impairments in schizophrenia: Two systems and their associations with underlying cognitive processes and clinical symptoms Psychol. Med. 1999 35 133 142 10.1017/S0033291704002879 15842036 · DOI
  87. [99]Badcock J.C. Mahfouda S. Maybery M.T. Hallucinations and inhibitory functioning in healthy young adults with high and low levels of hypomanic personality traits Cogn. Neuropsychiatry 2015 20 254 269 10.1080/13546805.2015.1021907 25798816 · DOI
  88. [100]Brébion G. Stephan-Otto C. Ochoa S. Roca M. Nieto L. Usall J. Impaired Self-Monitoring of Inner Speech in Schizophrenia Patients with Verbal Hallucinations and in Non-clinical Individuals Prone to Hallucinations Front. Psychol. 2016 7 1381 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01381 27683568 PMC5022329 · DOI
  89. [101]Müller U. Ullsperger M. Hammerstein E. Sachweh S. Becker T. Directed forgetting in schizophrenia Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2004 255 251 257 10.1007/s00406-004-0554-6 16133743 · DOI
  90. [102]Patrick R.E. Kiang M. Christensen B.K. Neurophysiological correlates of emotional directed-forgetting in persons with Schizophrenia: An event-related brain potential study Int. J. Psychophysiol. 2015 98 612 623 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.01.006 25620125 · DOI
  91. [103]Patrick R.E. Christensen B.K. Reduced directed forgetting for negative words suggests schizophrenia-related disinhibition of emotional cues Psychol. Med. 2013 43 2289 2299 10.1017/S0033291713000445 23510530 · DOI
  92. [104]Racsmány M. Conway M.A. Garab E.A. Cimmer C. Janka Z. Kurimay T. Pléh C. Szendi I. Disrupted memory inhibition in schizophrenia Schizophr. Res. 2008 101 218 224 10.1016/j.schres.2008.01.002 18258417 · DOI
  93. [105]Sahakyan L. Kwapil T.R. Jiang L. Differential impairment of positive and negative schizotypy in list-method and item-method directed forgetting J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 2020 149 368 381 10.1037/xge0000645 31259599 · DOI
  94. [107]Debbané M. Glaser B. Eliez S. Encoding and retrieval processes in velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS) Neuropsychology 2008 22 226 234 10.1037/0894-4105.22.2.226 18331165 · DOI
  95. [108]Okruszek Ł. Jarkiewicz M. Szrubarz P. Wichniak A. Michałowski J. Marchewka A. Łojek E. Many ways to forget—Neurophysiology of directed forgetting mechanisms in schizophrenia Psychiatry Res. 2019 274 358 364 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.02.057 30851599 · DOI
  96. [109]Nestor P.G. Piech R. Allen C. Niznikiewicz M. Shenton M. McCarley R.W. Retrieval-induced forgetting in schizophrenia Schizophr. Res. 2005 75 199 209 10.1016/j.schres.2005.01.011 15885511 PMC2772129 · DOI
  97. [110]AhnAllen C.G. Nestor P.G. McCarley R.W. Shenton M.E. The role of retrieval inhibition in the associative memory impairment of schizophrenia Psychiatry Res. 2007 150 43 50 10.1016/j.psychres.2006.07.001 17188366 PMC1885480 · DOI
  98. [111]Soriano M.F. Jimenez J.F. Roman P. Bajo M.T. Inhibitory processes in memory are impaired in schizophrenia: Evidence from retrieval induced forgetting Br. J. Psychol. 2009 100 661 673 10.1348/000712609X418912 19309536 · DOI
  99. [113]Fullana M.A. Abramovitch A. Via E. López-Sola C. Goldberg X. Reina N. Fortea L. Solanes A. Buckley M.J. Ramella-Cravaro V. Diagnostic biomarkers for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A reasonable quest or ignis fatuus? Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2020 118 504 513 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.08.008 32866526 · DOI · Paper page
  100. [114]Lipton M.G. Brewin C.R. Linke S. Halperin J. Distinguishing features of intrusive images in obsessive–compulsive disorder J. Anxiety Disord. 2010 24 816 822 10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.06.003 20621439 · DOI
  101. [115]Cavedini P. Zorzi C. Piccinni M. Cavallini M.C. Bellodi L. Executive Dysfunctions in Obsessive-Compulsive Patients and Unaffected Relatives: Searching for a New Intermediate Phenotype Biol. Psychiatry 2010 67 1178 1184 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.02.012 20381015 · DOI · Paper page
  102. [116]Demeter G. Keresztes A. Harsanyi A. Csigò K. Obsessed not to forget: Lack of retrieval-induced sup- pression effect in obsessive-compulsive disorder Psychiatry Res. 2014 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.04.022 24794155 · DOI
  103. [118]Rao N.P. Reddy Y.J. Kumar K.J. Kandavel T. Chandrashekar C. Are neuropsychological deficits trait markers in OCD? Prog. Neuro Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2008 32 1574 1579 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.05.026 18582524 · DOI · Paper page
  104. [119]Chamberlain S. Blackwell A. Fineberg N. Robbins T. Sahakian B. The neuropsychology of obsessive compulsive disorder: The importance of failures in cognitive and behavioural inhibition as candidate endophenotypic markers Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2005 29 399 419 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.11.006 15820546 · DOI · Paper page
  105. [121]Wilhelm S. McNally R.J. Baer L. Florin I. Directed forgetting in obsessive-compulsive disorder Behav. Res. Ther. 1996 34 633 641 10.1016/0005-7967(96)00040-X 8870289 · DOI
  106. [122]Bohne A. Savage C.R. Deckersbach T. Keuthen N.J. Jenike M.A. Tuschen-Caffier B. Wilhelm S. Visuospatial Abilities, Memory, and Executive Functioning in Trichotillomania and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 2005 27 385 399 10.1080/13803390490520418 15962686 · DOI
  107. [123]Tolin D.F. Hamlin C. Foa E.B. Directed forgetting in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Replication and extension Behav. Res. Ther. 2002 40 793 803 10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00062-6 12074373 · DOI
  108. [124]Moritz S. Hottenrott B. Jelinek L. Brooks A.M. Scheurich A. Effects of Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms on Neuropsychological Test Performance: Complicating an Already Complicated Story Clin. Neuropsychol. 2012 26 31 44 10.1080/13854046.2011.639311 22166079 · DOI
  109. [125]Konishi M. Shishikura K. Nakaaki S. Komatsu S.-I. Mimura M. Remembering and forgetting: Directed forgetting effect in obsessive-compulsive disorder Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat. 2011 7 365 372 10.2147/NDT.S21047 21822387 PMC3148927 · DOI
  110. [126]Jelinek L. Rietschel L. Kellner M. Muhtz C. Moritz S. The effect of practice on the recall of salient information in obsessive–compulsive disorder Psychiatry Res. 2012 198 89 93 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.03.002 22469423 · DOI
  111. [127]Niciu M.J. Kelmendi B. Sanacora G. Overview of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the nervous system Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2012 100 656 664 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.08.008 21889952 PMC3253893 · DOI
  112. [128]Castellano C. Cestari V. Ciamei A. NMDA receptors and learning and memory processes Curr. Drug Targets 2001 2 273 283 10.2174/1389450013348515 11554552 · DOI
  113. [129]Rezvani A.H. Levin E.D. Buccafusco J.J. Involvement of the NMDA System in Learning and Memory CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Abingdon, UK 2006 Chapter 4 21204373
  114. [130]Woodside B. Borroni A. Hammonds M. Teyler T. NMDA receptors and voltage-dependent calcium channels mediate different aspects of acquisition and retention of a spatial memory task Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 2004 81 105 114 10.1016/j.nlm.2003.10.003 14990230 · DOI
  115. [131]Walker D.L. Davis M. Involvement of NMDA receptors within the amygdala in short- versus long-term memory for fear condiDoning as assessed with fear-potenDated startle Behav. Neurosci. 2000 114 1019 1033 10.1037/0735-7044.114.6.1019 11142635 · DOI
  116. [132]Quartermain D. Nuygen T. Sheu J. Herting R.L. Milacemide enhances memory storage and alleviates spontaneous forgetting in mice Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1991 39 31 35 10.1016/0091-3057(91)90393-G 1833781 · DOI
  117. [133]Sachser R.M. Santana F. Crestani A.P. Lunardi P. Pedraza L.K. Quillfeldt J.A. Hardt O. Alvares L.D.O. Forgetting of long-term memory requires activation of NMDA receptors, L-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, and calcineurin Sci. Rep. 2016 6 22771 10.1038/srep22771 26947131 PMC4780112 · DOI
  118. [134]Sachser R.M. Haubrich J. Lunardi P.S. Alvares L.D.O. Forgetting of what was once learned: Exploring the role of postsynaptic ionotropic glutamate receptors on memory formation, maintenance, and decay Neuropharmacology 2017 112 94 103 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.07.015 27425202 · DOI
  119. [135]Migues P.V. Liu L. Archbold G.E.B. Einarsson E.Ö. Wong J. Bonasia K. Ko S.H. Wang Y.T. Hardt O. Blocking Synaptic Removal of GluA2-Containing AMPA Receptors Prevents the Natural Forgetting of Long-Term Memories J. Neurosci. 2016 36 3481 3494 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3333-15.2016 27013677 PMC6601735 · DOI · Paper page
  120. [137]Shinohara K. Hata T. Post-acquisition hippocampal blockade of the NMDA receptor subunit GluN2A but not GluN2B sustains spatial reference memory retention Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 2018 147 1 8 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.11.001 29127002 · DOI
  121. [138]Wong C.G.T. Bottiglieri T. Snead O.C. GABA, γ-hydroxybutyric acid, and neurological disease Ann. Neurol. 2003 54 S3 S12 10.1002/ana.10696 12891648 · DOI
  122. [139]Haefely W. Martin J.R. Schoch P. Novel anxiolytics that act as partial agonists at benzodiazepine receptors Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 1990 11 452 456 10.1016/0165-6147(90)90126-S 1980040 · DOI
  123. [141]Davis M. Campeau S. Kim M. Falls W.A. McGaugh J.L. Weinberger N.M. Lynch G. Neural Systems of Emotion: The Amygdala’s Role in Fear and Anxiety Brain and Memory Modulation and Mediation of Neuroplasticity Oxford University Press (OUP) Oxford, UK 1995 3 40
  124. [142]Myers K.M. Davis M. Systems-Level Reconsolidation Neuron 2002 36 340 343 10.1016/S0896-6273(02)01017-6 12408838 · DOI
  125. [143]Davies C. Starkey S. Pozza M. Collingridge G. GABA-B autoreceptors regulate the induction of LTP Nature 1991 349 609 611 10.1038/349609a0 1847993 · DOI · Paper page
  126. [144]Kim J.H. McNally G.P. Richardson R. Recovery of fear memories in rats: Role of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) in infantile amnesia Behav. Neurosci. 2006 120 40 48 10.1037/0735-7044.120.1.40 16492115 · DOI
  127. [145]Kim J.H. Richardson R. A developmental dissociation of context and GABA effects on extinguished fear in rats Behav. Neurosci. 2007 121 131 139 10.1037/0735-7044.121.1.131 17324057 · DOI
  128. [146]Tang H.H.Y. McNally G.P. Richardson R. The effects of FG7142 on two types of forgetting in 18-day-old rats Behav. Neurosci. 2007 121 1421 1425 10.1037/0735-7044.121.6.1421 18085896 · DOI
  129. [147]Zeman A. Hoefeijzers S. Milton F. Dewar M. Carr M. Streatfield C. The GABAB receptor agonist, baclofen, contributes to three distinct varieties of amnesia in the human brain—A detailed case report Cortex 2016 74 9 19 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.10.005 26599496 · DOI
  130. [148]Bergstrom H.C. Pinard C.R. Corticolimbic circuits in learning, memory, and disease J. Neurosci. Res. 2017 95 795 796 10.1002/jnr.24006 28094866 · DOI
  131. [149]Blake M.G. Boccia M.M. Basal Forebrain Cholinergic System and Memory Curr. Top. Behav. Neurosci. 2016 253 273 10.1007/7854_2016_467 28213811 · DOI
  132. [150]Bentley P. Driver J. Dolan R.J. Cholinergic modulation of cognition: Insights from human pharmacological functional neuroimaging Prog. Neurobiol. 2011 94 360 388 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.06.002 21708219 PMC3382716 · DOI
  133. [151]Bertrand D. Wallace T.L. A Review of the Cholinergic System and Therapeutic Approaches to Treat Brain Disorders Curr. Top. Behav. Neurosci. 2020 1 28 10.1007/7854_2020_141 32451956 · DOI
  134. [152]Edginton T. Rusted J.M. Separate and combined effects of scopolamine and nicotine on retrieval-induced forgetting Psychopharmacology 2003 170 351 357 10.1007/s00213-003-1563-2 12955293 · DOI
  135. [153]Rusted J.M. Alvares T. Nicotine effects on retrieval-induced forgetting are not attributable to changes in arousal Psychopharmacology 2008 196 83 92 10.1007/s00213-007-0935-4 17934721 · DOI
  136. [155]Grogan J.P. Bogacz R. Tsivos D. Whone A.L. Coulthard E. Dopamine and Consolidation of Episodic Memory: Timing Is Everything J. Cogn. Neurosci. 2015 27 2035 2050 10.1162/jocn_a_00840 26102227 PMC4880040 · DOI
  137. [156]Karunakaran S. Chowdhury A. Donato F. Quairiaux C. Michel C.M. Caroni P. PV plasticity sustained through D1/5 dopamine signaling required for long-term memory consolidation Nat. Neurosci. 2016 19 454 464 10.1038/nn.4231 26807952 · DOI
  138. [157]Péczely L. Ollmann T. László K. Kovács A. Gálosi R. Kertes E. Zagorácz O. Kállai V. Karádi Z. Lénárd L. Role of ventral pallidal D2 dopamine receptors in the consolidation of spatial memory Behav. Brain Res. 2016 313 1 9 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.07.007 27392640 · DOI
  139. [158]Yamasaki M. Takeuchi T. Locus Coeruleus and Dopamine-Dependent Memory Consolidation Neural Plast. 2017 2017 1 15 10.1155/2017/8602690 PMC5662828 29123927 · DOI · Paper page
  140. [159]Berry J.A. Cervantes-Sandoval I. Nicholas E.P. Davis R.L. Dopamine Is Required for Learning and Forgetting in Drosophila Neuron 2012 74 530 542 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.04.007 22578504 PMC4083655 · DOI
  141. [160]Berry J.A. Cervantes-Sandoval I. Chakraborty M. Davis R.L. Sleep Facilitates Memory by Blocking Dopamine Neuron-Mediated Forgetting Cell 2015 161 1656 1667 10.1016/j.cell.2015.05.027 26073942 PMC4671826 · DOI
  142. [161]Reichenbach N. Herrmann U. Kähne T. Schicknick H. Pielot R. Naumann M. Dieterich D.C. Gundelfinger E.D. Smalla K.-H. Tischmeyer W. Differential effects of dopamine signalling on long-term memory formation and consolidation in rodent brain Proteome Sci. 2015 13 13 10.1186/s12953-015-0069-2 25852303 PMC4387680 · DOI
  143. [162]Rossignoli M.T. Lopes-Aguiar C. Ruggiero R.N. Da Silva R.A.D.V. Bueno-Junior L.S. Kandratavicius L. Peixoto-Santos J.E. Crippa J.A. Hallak J.E.C. Zuardi A.W. Selective post-training time window for memory consolidation interference of cannabidiol into the prefrontal cortex: Reduced dopaminergic modulation and immediate gene expression in limbic circuits Neuroscience 2017 350 85 93 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.03.019 28344069 · DOI
  144. [163]Cervantes-Sandoval I. Chakraborty M. MacMullen C. Davis R.L. Scribble Scaffolds a Signalosome for Active Forgetting Neuron 2016 90 1230 1242 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.05.010 27263975 PMC4926877 · DOI · Paper page
  145. [164]Kaun K.R. Rothenfluh A. Dopaminergic rules of engagement for memory in Drosophila Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2017 43 56 62 10.1016/j.conb.2016.12.011 28088703 PMC5447470 · DOI
  146. [165]Himmelreich S. Masuho I. Berry J.A. MacMullen C. Skamangas N.K. Martemyanov K.A. Davis R.L. Dopamine Receptor DAMB Signals via Gq to Mediate Forgetting in Drosophila Cell Rep. 2017 21 2074 2081 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.108 29166600 PMC6168074 · DOI
  147. [166]Shuai Y. Hirokawa A. Ai Y. Zhang M. Li W. Zhong Y. Dissecting neural pathways for forgetting in Drosophila olfactory aversive memory Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2015 112 E6663 E6672 10.1073/pnas.1512792112 26627257 PMC4672816 · DOI
  148. [167]Nilsson M.K. Carlsson M.L. The monoaminergic stabilizer (−)-OSU6162 reverses delay-dependent natural forgetting and improves memory impairment induced by scopolamine in mice Neuropharmacology 2013 75 399 406 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.08.017 23994443 · DOI
  149. [168]Ruiz M.J. Paolieri D. Colzato L.S. Bajo M.T. Directed forgetting of memories in cocaine users Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2016 24 423 435 10.1037/pha0000100 27929345 · DOI
  150. [169]Papenberg G. Bäckman L. Nagel I.E. Nietfeld W. Schröder J. Bertram L. Heekeren H.R. Lindenberger U. Li S.-C. Dopaminergic Gene Polymorphisms Affect Long-term Forgetting in Old Age: Further Support for the Magnification Hypothesis J. Cogn. Neurosci. 2013 25 571 579 10.1162/jocn_a_00359 23363412 · DOI
  151. [170]Wimber M. Schott B.H. Wendler F. Seidenbecher C.I. Behnisch G. Macharadze T. Bäuml K.H. Richardson-Klavehn A. Prefrontal dopamine and the dynamic control of human long-term memory. Trans-cult Psychiatry 2011 1 15 PMC3309522 22832518
  152. [173]McGaugh J.L. Izquierdo I. The contribution of pharmacology to research on the mechanisms of memory formation Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 2000 21 208 210 10.1016/S0165-6147(00)01473-5 10838606 · DOI
  153. [174]Strange B.A. Hurlemann R. Dolan R.J. An emotion-induced retrograde amnesia in humans is amygdala- and -adrenergic-dependent Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003 100 13626 13631 10.1073/pnas.1635116100 14595032 PMC263864 · DOI
  154. [175]Strange B.A. Dolan R.J. Adrenergic modulation of emotional memory-evoked human amygdala and hippocampal responses Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2004 101 11454 11458 10.1073/pnas.0404282101 15269349 PMC509222 · DOI
  155. [178]Harmer C.J. Shelley N.C. Cowen P.J. Goodwin G.M. Increased Positive Versus Negative Affective Perception and Memory in Healthy Volunteers Following Selective Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibition Am. J. Psychiatry 2004 161 1256 1263 10.1176/appi.ajp.161.7.1256 15229059 · DOI · Paper page
  156. [179]Hurlemann R. Hawellek B. Matusch A. Kolsch H. Wollersen H. Madea B. Vogeley K. Maier W. Dolan R.J. Noradrenergic Modulation of Emotion-Induced Forgetting and Remembering J. Neurosci. 2005 25 6343 6349 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0228-05.2005 16000624 PMC6725275 · DOI
  157. [180]Quartermain D. Leo P. Strength of scopolamine-induced amnesia as a function of time between training and testing Behav. Neural Biol. 1988 50 300 310 10.1016/S0163-1047(88)90986-7 3202813 · DOI
  158. [181]Decker M.W. McGaugh J.L. Effects of concurrent manipulations of cholinergic and noradrenergic function on learning and retention in mice Brain Res. 1989 477 29 37 10.1016/0006-8993(89)91391-7 2702490 · DOI
  159. [182]Finsterwald C. Alberini C.M. Stress and glucocorticoid receptor-dependent mechanisms in long-term memory: From adaptive responses to psychopathologies Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 2014 112 17 29 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.09.017 24113652 PMC3979509 · DOI
  160. [183]Meir Drexler S. Wolf O.T. The role of glucocorticoids in emotional memory reconsolidation Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 2016 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.11.008 27871996 · DOI
  161. [185]De Quervain D. Schwabe L. Roozendaal B. Stress, glucocorticoids and memory:implications for treating fear-related disorders Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2017 18 7 19 10.1038/nrn.2016.155 27881856 · DOI · Paper page
  162. [186]Het S. Ramlow G. Wolf O. A meta-analytic review of the effects of acute cortisol administration on human memory Psychoneuroendocrinology 2005 30 771 784 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.03.005 15919583 · DOI · Paper page
  163. [187]Wolf O.T. Atsak P. De Quervain D.J. Roozendaal B. Wingenfeld K. Stress and Memory: A Selective Review on Recent Developments in the Understanding of Stress Hormone Effects on Memory and Their Clinical Relevance J. Neuroendocr. 2016 28 10.1111/jne.12353 26708929 · DOI
  164. [188]Koessler S. Steidle L. Engler H. Kissler J. Stress eliminates retrieval-induced forgetting—Does the oral application of cortisol? Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013 38 94 106 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.05.004 22688258 · DOI
  165. [189]Koessler S. Engler H. Riether C. Kissler J. No Retrieval-Induced Forgetting Under Stress Psychol. Sci. 2009 20 1356 1363 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02450.x 19818045 · DOI
  166. [190]Quaedflieg C. Schneider T. Daume J. Engel A. Schwabe L. Stress impairs intentional memory control through altered theta oscillations in lateral parietal cortex J. Neurosci. 2020 40 7739 7748 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2906-19.2020 32868459 PMC7531551 · DOI
  167. [191]Engen H.G. Anderson M.C. Memory Control: A Fundamental Mechanism of Emotion Regulation Trends Cogn. Sci. 2018 22 982 995 10.1016/j.tics.2018.07.015 30122359 PMC6198111 · DOI
  168. [193]Conway M.A. Fthenaki A. Disruption of Inhibitory Control of Memory Following Lesions to the Frontal and Temporal Lobes Cortex 2003 39 667 686 10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70859-1 14584548 · DOI
  169. [194]Bari A. Robbins T.W. Inhibition and impulsivity: Behavioral and neural basis of response control Prog. Neurobiol. 2013 108 44 79 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.06.005 23856628 · DOI · Paper page
  170. [195]Aron A.R. Robbins T.W. Poldrack R.A. Inhibition and the right inferior frontal cortex: One decade on Trends Cogn. Sci. 2014 18 177 185 10.1016/j.tics.2013.12.003 24440116 · DOI · Paper page
  171. [196]Anderson M.C. Bunce J.G. Barbas H. Prefrontal–hippocampal pathways underlying inhibitory control over memory Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 2016 134 145 161 10.1016/j.nlm.2015.11.008 26642918 PMC5106245 · DOI
  172. [198]Bartholomew M.E. Heller W. Miller G.A. Inhibitory control of emotional processing: Theoretical and empirical considerations Int. J. Psychophysiol. 2019 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.03.015 30936042 · DOI
  173. [199]McKlveen J.M. Moloney R.D. Scheimann J.R. Myers B. Herman J.P. “Braking” the Prefrontal Cortex: The Role of Glucocorticoids and Interneurons in Stress Adaptation and Pathology Biol. Psychiatry 2019 86 669 681 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.04.032 31326084 · DOI
  174. [200]Anderson M.C. Hulbert J.C. Active Forgetting: Adaptation of Memory by Prefrontal Control Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2021 72 1 36 10.1146/annurev-psych-072720-094140 32928060 · DOI · Paper page
  175. [201]Del Arco A. Mora F. Glutamate-dopamine in vivo interaction in the prefrontalcortex modulates the release of dopamine and acetylcholinein the nucleus accumbens of the awake rat J. Neural Transm. 2005 112 97 109 10.1007/s00702-004-0172-5 15599608 · DOI
  176. [203]Duvarci S. Pare D. Amygdala Microcircuits Controlling Learned Fear Neuron 2014 82 966 980 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.04.042 24908482 PMC4103014 · DOI · Paper page
  177. [204]Schmitz T.W. Correia M.M. Ferreira C.S. Prescot A.P. Anderson M.C. Hippocampal GABA enables inhibitory control over unwanted thoughts Nat. Commun. 2017 8 1 12 10.1038/s41467-017-00956-z 29101315 PMC5670182 · DOI
  178. [205]Depue B.E. Curran T. Banich M.T. Prefrontal Regions Orchestrate Suppression of Emotional Memories via a Two-Phase Process Science 2007 317 215 219 10.1126/science.1139560 17626877 · DOI · Paper page
  179. [206]Ghashghaei H. Barbas H. Pathways for emotion: Interactions of prefrontal and anterior temporal pathways in the amygdala of the rhesus monkey Neuroscience 2002 115 1261 1279 10.1016/S0306-4522(02)00446-3 12453496 · DOI · Paper page
  180. [209]Del Arco A. Mora F. Neurotransmitters and prefrontal cortex–limbic system interactions: Implications for plasticity and psychiatric disorders J. Neural. Transm. 2009 116 941 952 10.1007/s00702-009-0243-8 19475335 · DOI
  181. [210]Wellman C.L. Dendritic reorganization in pyramidal neurons in medial prefrontal cortex after chronic corticosterone administration J. Neurobiol. 2001 49 245 253 10.1002/neu.1079 11745662 · DOI · Paper page
  182. [211]Likhtik E. Johansen J.P. Neuromodulation in circuits of aversive emotional learning Nat. Neurosci. 2019 22 1586 1597 10.1038/s41593-019-0503-3 31551602 · DOI
  183. [212]Bast T. Pezze M. McGarrity S. Cognitive deficits caused by prefrontal cortical and hippocampal neural disinhibition Br. J. Pharmacol. 2017 174 3211 3225 10.1111/bph.13850 28477384 PMC5595754 · DOI
  184. [213]Bloem B. Poorthuis R.B. Mansvelder H.D. Cholinergic modulation of the medial prefrontal cortex: The role of nicotinic receptors in attention and regulation of neuronal activity Front. Neural Circuits 2014 8 10.3389/fncir.2014.00017 PMC3949318 24653678 · DOI
  185. [214]Parikh V. Bangasser D.A. Cholinergic Signaling Dynamics and Cognitive Control of Attention Behav. Neurobiol. Chronic Pain 2020 71 87 10.1007/7854_2020_133 PMC10771779 32447715 · DOI
  186. [215]Kasparbauer A.-M. Petrovsky N. Schmidt P.-M. Trautner P. Weber B. Sträter B. Ettinger U. Effects of nicotine and atomoxetine on brain function during response inhibition Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2019 29 235 246 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.12.004 30552041 · DOI
  187. [216]Berridge C.W. Waterhouse B.D. The locus coeruleus–noradrenergic system: Modulation of behavioral state and state-dependent cognitive processes Brain Res. Rev. 2003 42 33 84 10.1016/S0165-0173(03)00143-7 12668290 · DOI · Paper page
  188. [217]Jouvet M. Biogenic Amines and the States of Sleep Science 1969 163 32 41 10.1126/science.163.3862.32 4303225 · DOI
  189. [218]Wise R.A. Rompre P.P. Brain Dopamine and Reward Annu. Rev. Psychol. 1989 40 191 225 10.1146/annurev.ps.40.020189.001203 2648975 · DOI · Paper page
  190. [219]Aston-Jones G. Cohen J.D. An Integrative Theory of Locus Coeruleus-Norepinephrine Function: Adaptive Gain and Optimal Performance Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2005 28 403 450 10.1146/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135709 16022602 · DOI · Paper page
  191. [220]Robinson T.E. The neural basis of drug craving: An incentive-sensitization theory of addiction Brain Res. Rev. 1993 18 247 291 10.1016/0165-0173(93)90013-P 8401595 · DOI · Paper page
  192. [221]Mather M. Clewett D. Sakaki M. Harley C.W. Norepinephrine ignites local hotspots of neuronal excitation: How arousal amplifies selectivity in perception and memory Behav. Brain Sci. 2016 39 e200 10.1017/S0140525X15000667 26126507 PMC5830137 · DOI · Paper page
  193. [222]Chmielewski W.X. Mückschel M. Ziemssen T. Beste C. The norepinephrine system affects specific neurophysiological subprocesses in the modulation of inhibitory control by working memory demands Hum. Brain Mapp. 2016 38 68 81 10.1002/hbm.23344 27519546 PMC6867120 · DOI
  194. [223]Mückschel M. Dippel G. Beste C. Distinguishing stimulus and response codes in theta oscillations in prefrontal areas during inhibitory control of automated responses Hum. Brain Mapp. 2017 38 5681 5690 10.1002/hbm.23757 28782869 PMC6867003 · DOI
  195. [224]Nieuwenhuis S. Aston-Jones G. Cohen J.D. Decision making, the P3, and the locus coeruleus--norepinephrine system Psychol. Bull. 2005 131 510 532 10.1037/0033-2909.131.4.510 16060800 · DOI · Paper page
  196. [225]Solanto M.V. Neuropsychopharmacological mechanisms of stimulant drug action in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A review and integration Behav. Brain Res. 1998 94 127 152 10.1016/S0166-4328(97)00175-7 9708845 · DOI · Paper page
  197. [227]Volkow N.D. Wang G.J. Fowler J.S. Logan J. Gatley S.J. Gifford A. Hitzemann R. Ding Y.S. Pappas N. Prediction of reinforcing responses to psychostimulants in humans by brain dopamine D2 receptor levels Am. J. Psychiatry 1999 156 1440 1443 10484959
  198. [228]Volkow N.D. Wang G.-J. Fowler J.S. Hitzemann R. Angrist B. Gatley S.J. Logan J. Ding Y.-S. Pappas N. Association of Methylphenidate-Induced Craving with Changes in Right Striato-orbitofrontal Metabolism in Cocaine Abusers: Implications in Addiction Am. J. Psychiatry 1999 156 19 26 10.1176/ajp.156.1.19 9892293 · DOI · Paper page
  199. [230]Chamberlain S.R. Hampshire A. Müller U. Rubia K. Del Campo N. Craig K. Regenthal R. Suckling J. Roiser J.P. Grant J.E. Atomoxetine Modulates Right Inferior Frontal Activation During Inhibitory Control: A Pharmacological Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study Biol. Psychiatry 2009 65 550 555 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.10.014 19026407 · DOI
  200. [231]Mückschel M. Roessner V. Beste C. Task experience eliminates catecholaminergic effects on inhibitory control—A randomized, double-blind cross-over neurophysiological study Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2020 35 89 99 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.03.013 32402650 · DOI

200 of 233 shown

Cited by

Sorted by citations

  • Human-inspired Perspectives: A Survey on AI Long-term Memory

    He, Z., Lin, W., Zheng, H., Zhang, F., Jones, M. W., Aitchison, L., Xu, X., Liu, M., Kristensson, P. O., & Shen, J. (2024) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2411.00489 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

    “On the other hand, some studies [92, 93, 94, 95] suggested that in addition to passive forgetting, humans can also achieve active regulation of the memory system through a mechanism that suppresses redundant information to facilitate the storage and retrieval of key memory.”

Authors
Costanzi, M., Cianfanelli, B., Santirocchi, A., Lasaponara, S., Spataro, P., Rossi-Arnaud, C., & Cestari, V.
Affiliations
  • Libera Università Maria SS. Assunta (IT)
  • Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
  • Mercatorum University (IT)
  • Department of Psychology, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
Corresponding author
Costanzi, Marco
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Personalized Medicine
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2021-03-26
Volume
11
Issue
4
Pages
241
ISSN
2075-4426 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/jpm11040241
PMC
PMC8066077
OpenAlex
W3143279498
Cited by
39
References
30
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1
FWCI
0.74
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Personalized Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
Funders
Libera Università Maria Ss. Assunta
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Keywords
active forgetting, intentional forgetting, intrusive memories, memory suppression, inhibitory control, neurotransmitter systems, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, unwanted memories

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review