Cannabinoids, opioids and eating behavior: The molecular face of hedonism?
Abstract
Obesity represents nowadays one of the most devastating health threats. Published reports even project a decline in life expectancy of US citizens due to the rapidly increasing prevalence of obesity. This alarming increase is intimately linked with recent changes of environment and lifestyle in western countries. In this context, the rewarding or even addictive properties of popular food may represent one of the most serious obstacles to overcome for an effective anti-obesity therapy. Therefore, in addition to molecular networks controlling energy homeostasis, now researchers are starting to define central nervous mechanisms governing hedonic and addictive components of food intake. A recently emerging body of data suggests that the endogenous cannabinoid and opioid systems both represent key circuits responding to the rewarding value of food. This review focuses on the role of these two systems for the homeostatic and hedonic aspects of eating behavior and includes their anatomical and functional interactions. Independent from the degree to which eating can be considered an addiction, cannabinoid and opioid receptor antagonists are promising anti-obesity drugs, since they are targeting both hedonic and homeostatic components of energy balance control.
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Several neurotransmitters, hormones, and neuropeptides involved in homeostatic regulation of food intake have been implicated in the rewarding effects of food and drugs.
“Several neurotransmitters, including DA, cannabinoids, opioids, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and serotonin, as well as hormones and neuropeptides involved in homeostatic regulation of food intake, such as insulin, orexin, leptin, ghrelin, PYY, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) have been implicated in the rewarding effects of food and drugs (Tables 1 and 2) (18–21).”
From Obesity and addiction: Neurobiological overlaps (2013) · cites this paper as [19]
Several neurotransmitters, including DA, cannabinoids, opioids and serotonin, as well as hormones and neuropeptides involved in homeostatic regulation of food intake such as insulin, orexin, leptin and ghrelin, have been implicated in the rewarding effects of food.
“Several neurotransmitters, including DA, cannabinoids, opioids and serotonin, as well as hormones and neuropetides involved in homeostatic regulation of food intake, such as insulin, orexin, leptin and ghrelin, have been implicated in the rewarding effects of food (Atkinson 2008;Cason et al 2010;Cota et al 2006).”
From Food and Drug Reward: Overlapping Circuits in Human Obesity and Addiction (2011) · cites this paper as Cota et al 2006
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Stress, eating and the reward system
Adam, T. C., & Epel, E. S. (2007) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.04.011 · Cited by 1,732 · see citing works
Reward, dopamine and the control of food intake: implications for obesity
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G.-J., & Baler, R. D. (2011) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2010.11.001 · Cited by 1,400 · see citing works
Mechanisms of leptin action and leptin resistance.
Myers, M. G., Cowley, M. A., & Münzberg, H. (2008) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.70.113006.100707 · Cited by 1,074 · see citing works
The tempted brain eats: Pleasure and desire circuits in obesity and eating disorders
Berridge, K. C., Ho, C.-Y., Richard, J. M., & DiFeliceantonio, A. G. (2010) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.04.003 · Cited by 873 · see citing works
Obesity and addiction: Neurobiological overlaps
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G. ‐., Tomasi, D., & Baler, R. D. (2013) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2012.01031.x · Cited by 800 · see citing works
Williams, D. M., Dunsiger, S., Ciccolo, J. T., Lewis, B. A., Albrecht, A. E., & Marcus, B. H. (2008) · Psychology of Sport and Exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.04.002 · Cited by 633 · see citing works
Food and Drug Reward: Overlapping Circuits in Human Obesity and Addiction
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G. J., Fowler, J. S., Tomasi, D., & Baler, R. (2011) · Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2011_169 · Cited by 525 · see citing works
Exercise, affect, and adherence: an integrated model and a case for self-paced exercise
Williams, D. M. (2008) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.30.5.471 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Mahler, S. V., Smith, K. S., & Berridge, K. C. (2007) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301376 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Davis, C. A., Levitan, R. D., Reid, C., Carter, J. C., Kaplan, A. S., Patte, K. A., King, N., Curtis, C., & Kennedy, J. L. (2009) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2009.52 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Issues for DSM-V: Should obesity be included as a brain disorder?
Volkow, N. D., & O’Brien, C. P. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.5.708 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Reward sensitivity and the D2 dopamine receptor gene: A case-control study of binge eating disorder
Davis, C., Levitan, R. D., Kaplan, A. S., Carter, J., Reid, C., Curtis, C., Patte, K., Hwang, R., & Kennedy, J. L. (2008) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.09.024 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Anti-obesity therapy: from rainbow pills to polyagonists
Müller, T. D., Clemmensen, C., Finan, B., DiMarchi, R. D., & Tschöp, M. H. (2018) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.117.014803 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Self-citationCannabinoids modulate hippocampal memory and plasticity
Abush, H., & Akirav, I. (2010) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20711 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Endocannabinoid signalling: has it got rhythm?
Vaughn, L. K., Denning, G., Stuhr, K. L., de Wit, H., Hill, M. N., & Hillard, C. J. (2010) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00790.x · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Lipids in Psychiatric Disorders and Preventive Medicine
Schneider, M., Levant, B., Reichel, M., Gulbins, E., Kornhuber, J., & Müller, C. P. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.002 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Hanlon, E. C., Tasali, E., Leproult, R., Stuhr, K. L., Doncheck, E., de Wit, H., Hillard, C. J., & Van Cauter, E. (2016) · Sleep · doi:10.5665/sleep.5546 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Latest approaches for the treatment of obesity
Jackson, V. M., Breen, D. M., Fortin, J.-P., Liou, A., Kuzmiski, J. B., Loomis, A. K., Rives, M.-L., Shah, B., & Carpino, P. A. (2015) · Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery · doi:10.1517/17460441.2015.1044966 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Abuse victimization in childhood or adolescence and risk of food addiction in adult women
Mason, S. M., Flint, A. J., Field, A. E., Austin, S. B., & Rich‐Edwards, J. W. (2013) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20500 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Mason, S. M., Flint, A. J., Roberts, A. L., Agnew-Blais, J., Koenen, K. C., & Rich-Edwards, J. W. (2014) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.1208 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Schneider, P., Bindila, L., Schmahl, C., Bohus, M., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Lutz, B., Spanagel, R., & Schneider, M. (2016) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00203 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
De Lorenzo, A., Noce, A., Moriconi, E., Rampello, T., Marrone, G., Di Daniele, N., & Rovella, V. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10040474 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“Several studies suggest that the endogenous cannabinoid and opioid systems are the main circuits of response to the rewarding value of food [21].”
BackgroundLearning and the motivation to eat: forebrain circuitry.
Petrovich, G. D. (2011) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.04.059 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Marczak, E. D., Jinsmaa, Y., Myers, P. H., Blankenship, T., Wilson, R., Balboni, G., Salvadori, S., & Lazarus, L. H. (2009) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.06.041 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cota, D., Tschöp, M. H., Horvath, T. L., & Levine, A. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Cincinnati (US)
- Veterans Health Administration (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cota, Daniela
- Venue
- Brain Research Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-06
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 85-107
- ISSN
- 0165-0173 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1981407855
- Cited by
- 330
- References
- 200
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 2.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain Research Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- cannabinoids, opioid system, dietary habits, food reward, food addiction, obesity, energy homeostasis, endocannabinoid system, opioid receptors, anti-obesity drugs, cannabinoid receptor antagonists, opioid antagonists, hedonic eating
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cannabinoids, Energy Metabolism, Feeding Behavior, Humans, Narcotic Antagonists, Narcotics, Obesity, Receptors, Opioid, Receptor Cross-Talk, Receptors, Cannabinoid, Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators, Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonists
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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